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Ebirah's name is derived from the [[Japan]]ese word ''ebi'' {{Nihongo|海老}}, referring to several types of crustacean such as lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish. The "[[-ra]]" {{Nihongo|ラ}} part of Ebirah's name is a common suffix for [[kaiju]] names. The Ebirah featured in ''[[Godzilla: Final Wars]]'' is denoted as '''Ebirah (2nd Generation)''' {{Nihongo|エビラ(2代目)|Ebira Nidaime}} in the book ''[[Godzilla Dictionary (New Edition)|Godzilla Dictionary [New Edition]]]''.<ref name="NewGodzillaDictionary">{{cite book|title=[[Godzilla Dictionary (New Edition)|Godzilla Dictionary [New Edition]]]|date=7 August 2014|publisher=Kasakura Publishing|page=374|isbn=9784773087253}}</ref>
Ebirah's name is derived from the [[Japan]]ese word ''ebi'' {{Nihongo|海老}}, referring to several types of crustacean such as lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish. The "[[-ra]]" {{Nihongo|ラ}} part of Ebirah's name is a common suffix for [[kaiju]] names. The Ebirah featured in ''[[Godzilla: Final Wars]]'' is denoted as '''Ebirah (2nd Generation)''' {{Nihongo|エビラ(2代目)|Ebira Nidaime}} in the book ''[[Godzilla Dictionary (New Edition)|Godzilla Dictionary [New Edition]]]''.<ref name="NewGodzillaDictionary">{{cite book|title=[[Godzilla Dictionary (New Edition)|Godzilla Dictionary [New Edition]]]|date=7 August 2014|publisher=Kasakura Publishing|page=374|isbn=9784773087253}}</ref>
==Development==
==Development==
[[File:King_Kong_vs_the_Sea_Monster.png|thumb|right|200px|Artwork depicting ''[[Operation Robinson Crusoe: King Kong vs. Ebirah]]'' by [[Hurricane Ryu Hariken|"Hurricane" Ryu Hariken]]]]
[[File:King_Kong_vs_the_Sea_Monster.png|thumb|left|200px|Artwork depicting ''[[Operation Robinson Crusoe: King Kong vs. Ebirah]]'' by [[Hurricane Ryu Hariken|"Hurricane" Ryu Hariken]]]]
It was the idea of [[Toho]]'s then-president Susumu Goto to introduce a new [[kaiju]] based on a shrimp, as he found the idea of another bipedal humanoid kaiju "not interesting."<ref name="TSEMCW">{{cite book|title=[[Toho Special Effects Movie Complete Works]]|date=28 September 2012|publisher=Village Books|pages=110-113|isbn=9784864910132}}</ref> Ebirah was intended to appear as the villain of ''[[Operation Robinson Crusoe: King Kong vs. Ebirah]]'', in which he was to battle against [[King Kong]].<ref name="TSEMCW"/><ref name="GodzillaDictionary">{{cite book|title=[[Godzilla Dictionary]]|ed=1st edition|date=1 November 2004|publisher=Kasakura Publishing|page=317|isbn=9784773002928}}</ref> However, Toho received objections to the proposed film from [[Rankin/Bass Productions]], who helped provide Toho with the rights to Kong and was co-producing the project and felt the story didn't follow the source material, ''[[The King Kong Show]]'', closely enough. Toho went back to the drawing board for their second Kong film and ultimately produced the more faithful ''[[King Kong Escapes]]'' in [[1967]]. However, rather than completely discard the ''King Kong vs. Ebirah'' story, the studio opted to write [[Godzilla/Showa|Godzilla]] into Kong's role, with the end result being [[1966]]'s ''[[Ebirah, Horror of the Deep]]''.
It was the idea of [[Toho]]'s then-president Susumu Goto to introduce a new [[kaiju]] based on a shrimp, as he found the idea of another bipedal humanoid kaiju "not interesting."<ref name="TSEMCW">{{cite book|title=[[Toho Special Effects Movie Complete Works]]|date=28 September 2012|publisher=Village Books|pages=110-113|isbn=9784864910132}}</ref> Ebirah was intended to appear as the villain of ''[[Operation Robinson Crusoe: King Kong vs. Ebirah]]'', in which he was to battle against [[King Kong]].<ref name="TSEMCW"/><ref name="GodzillaDictionary">{{cite book|title=[[Godzilla Dictionary]]|ed=1st edition|date=1 November 2004|publisher=Kasakura Publishing|page=317|isbn=9784773002928}}</ref> However, Toho received objections to the proposed film from [[Rankin/Bass Productions]], who helped provide Toho with the rights to Kong and was co-producing the project and felt the story didn't follow the source material, ''[[The King Kong Show]]'', closely enough. Toho went back to the drawing board for their second Kong film and ultimately produced the more faithful ''[[King Kong Escapes]]'' in [[1967]]. However, rather than completely discard the ''King Kong vs. Ebirah'' story, the studio opted to write [[Godzilla/Showa|Godzilla]] into Kong's role, with the end result being [[1966]]'s ''[[Ebirah, Horror of the Deep]]''.


[[File:EHOTD_-_Ebirah_Model.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A concept maquette of Ebirah]]
[[File:EHOTD_-_Ebirah_Model.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A concept maquette of Ebirah]]
According to special effects director [[Sadamasa Arikawa]], the filmmakers attempted to make the shrimp kaiju intimidating by emphasizing certain features, such as the strength of its claws, the eerieness of its mouth movements as it preys on humans, and the general grotesqueness of a shrimp. Ebirah's head was modeled by [[Teizo Toshimitsu]] and his torso by [[Kanju Yagi and Yasuei Yagi|Yasuei Yagi]]. Ebirah's suit was composed of separate upper and lower halves, with suit actor [[Hiroshi Sekita]] wearing only the upper half for scenes of the kaiju above water. Otherwise, the two halves were joined without an actor inside and manipulated like a prop.<ref name="TSEMCW"/> Posters and promotional photos of Ebirah showed him battling with Godzilla on land, although in the film itself the two kaiju only battle in the sea. These promotional images also depicted Ebirah with a scorpion-inspired reversed tail, which is not present in the onscreen design. A large model of Ebirah's claw was constructed for scenes of the monster attacking the ''Yahlen'' and other watercraft.<ref name="TSEMCW"/><ref name="1954-1999">{{cite book|title=[[Godzilla 1954-1999 Super Complete Works]]|date=1 January [[2000]]|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|page=116|isbn=978-4091014702}}</ref>
According to special effects director [[Sadamasa Arikawa]], the filmmakers attempted to make the shrimp kaiju intimidating by emphasizing certain features, such as the strength of its claws, the eerieness of its mouth movements as it preys on humans, and the general grotesqueness of a shrimp. Ebirah's head was modeled by [[Teizo Toshimitsu]] and his torso by [[Kanju Yagi and Yasuei Yagi|Yasuei Yagi]]. Ebirah's suit was composed of separate upper and lower halves, with suit actor [[Hiroshi Sekita]] wearing only the upper half for scenes of the kaiju above water. Otherwise, the two halves were joined without an actor inside and manipulated like a prop.<ref name="TSEMCW"/> Posters and promotional photos of Ebirah showed him battling with Godzilla on land, although in the film itself the two kaiju only battle in the sea. These promotional images also depicted Ebirah with a scorpion-inspired reversed tail, which is not present in the onscreen design. A large model of Ebirah's claw was constructed for scenes of the monster attacking the ''Yahlen'' and other watercraft.<ref name="TSEMCW"/><ref name="1954-1999">{{cite book|title=[[Godzilla 1954-1999 Super Complete Works]]|date=1 January [[2000]]|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|page=116|isbn=978-4091014702}}</ref>
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[[File:Concept_Art_-_Godzilla_Final_Wars_-_Ebirah_1.png|thumb|right|200px|Ebirah concept art for ''[[Godzilla: Final Wars]]'' by [[Shinji Nishikawa]]]]
[[File:Concept_Art_-_Godzilla_Final_Wars_-_Ebirah_1.png|thumb|left|200px|Ebirah concept art for ''[[Godzilla: Final Wars]]'' by [[Shinji Nishikawa]]]]
Ebirah was included in an early draft for ''[[Destroy All Monsters]]'' titled ''[[All Monsters Attack Directive]]'', but was omitted from the finished film.<ref name="Character Encyclopedia">{{cite book|title=[[Godzilla Character Encyclopedia: Toho Special Effects Movie Complete History]]|date=15 July 2014|publisher=[[Kodansha]]|page=114|isbn=978-4062190046}}</ref> The kaiju's next onscreen appearance would not come until [[2004]], when he was one of several [[Showa era|Showa]] kaiju brought back for the franchise's 50th anniversary film, ''[[Godzilla: Final Wars]]''. Ebirah was redesigned by [[Shinji Nishikawa]], and his suit was modeled by [[Shinichi Wakasa]]'s company MONSTERS. The new suit was worn onscreen by prolific ''Kamen Rider'' and ''Super Sentai'' suit actor Toshihiro Ogura, who also portrayed [[Anguirus]] and [[Monster X|Keizer Ghidorah]] in the film.
Ebirah was included in an early draft for ''[[Destroy All Monsters]]'' titled ''[[All Monsters Attack Directive]]'', but was omitted from the finished film.<ref name="Character Encyclopedia">{{cite book|title=[[Godzilla Character Encyclopedia: Toho Special Effects Movie Complete History]]|date=15 July 2014|publisher=[[Kodansha]]|page=114|isbn=978-4062190046}}</ref> The kaiju's next onscreen appearance would not come until [[2004]], when he was one of several [[Showa era|Showa]] kaiju brought back for the franchise's 50th anniversary film, ''[[Godzilla: Final Wars]]''. Ebirah was redesigned by [[Shinji Nishikawa]], and his suit was modeled by [[Shinichi Wakasa]]'s company MONSTERS. The new suit was worn onscreen by prolific ''Kamen Rider'' and ''Super Sentai'' suit actor Toshihiro Ogura, who also portrayed [[Anguirus]] and [[Monster X|Keizer Ghidorah]] in the film.
<gallery widths="120" position="center" captionalign="center" spacing="small">
<gallery widths="120" position="center" captionalign="center" spacing="small">

Revision as of 15:38, 30 September 2019

Template:Ktab

Ebirah™ trademark icon
Ebirah
Ebirah in Godzilla: Final Wars
Ebirah in Ebirah, Horror of the Deep
Alternate names The Sea Monster, Evirah
Subtitle(s) Giant Shrimp Monster
(大エビ怪獣,   Ō Ebi Kaijū)[1]
Huge Shrimp Monster
(巨大エビ怪獣,   Kyodai Ebi Kaijū)EHotD[2]
Heinous New Monster
(凶悪新怪獣,   Kyōaku Shin Kaijū)EHotD[3]
Horror of the Deep
(深海の恐怖,   Shinkai no Kyōfu)EHotD
Species Giant crustacean
Height Showa: 50 meters[4][5]
Millennium: 50 meters[5]
Length Showa: 60 meters[4]
Millennium: 100 meters[5][6]
Weight Showa: 23,000 metric tons[4][5]
Millennium: 50,000 metric tons[5][6]
Pincer length Showa: 15 meters (right),
13 meters (left)[5]
Millennium: 20 meters (right),
15 meters (left)[5]
Forms Winged formKOD
Controlled by XiliensGFW
Allies HedorahGFW
Enemies Godzilla, MeganulonGRoE, MegaguirusGRoE
Conceived of by Susumu Goto
Designed by Shinji NishikawaGFW
Modeled by Teizo Toshimitsu,EHotD Yasuei Yagi,EHotD Shinichi WakasaGFW
Played by ShowaHiroshi Sekita
MillenniumToshihiro Ogura
First appearance Latest appearance
Ebirah, Horror of the Deep Godzilla: Final Wars
Roar(s)
ShowaMillenniumMore roars

Ebirah (エビラ,   Ebira) is a giant crustacean kaiju who first appeared in the 1966 Toho Godzilla series film, Ebirah, Horror of the Deep.

Ebirah was the primary monster antagonist in Ebirah, Horror of the Deep, a huge crustacean mutated by nuclear waste produced by the Red Bamboo's activities on Letchi Island. Ebirah patrolled the island's waters, destroying any watercraft that tried to enter or leave the island, except for the Red Bamboo's ships, which released a yellow juice that repelled him. When Godzilla was awakened from his slumber in a cave on the island, Ebirah battled him twice, losing both times. In their second battle, Godzilla removed both of Ebirah's claws and forced him to retreat to the ocean depths. Ebirah made a stock footage appearance in All Monsters Attack, where he battled Godzilla on Monster Island within the dreams of Ichiro Miki. Ebirah returned 35 years later for the final entry in the Millennium series, Godzilla: Final Wars, in which he was a mind-controlled pawn of the Xiliens. Ebirah was initially defeated by the Earth Defense Force's mutant soldiers at Tokai, and was deployed again to assist Hedorah against Godzilla in Tokyo Bay.

Name

Ebirah's name is derived from the Japanese word ebi (海老), referring to several types of crustacean such as lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish. The "-ra" (ラ) part of Ebirah's name is a common suffix for kaiju names. The Ebirah featured in Godzilla: Final Wars is denoted as Ebirah (2nd Generation) (エビラ(2代目),   Ebira Nidaime) in the book Godzilla Dictionary [New Edition].[7]

Development

It was the idea of Toho's then-president Susumu Goto to introduce a new kaiju based on a shrimp, as he found the idea of another bipedal humanoid kaiju "not interesting."[8] Ebirah was intended to appear as the villain of Operation Robinson Crusoe: King Kong vs. Ebirah, in which he was to battle against King Kong.[8][9] However, Toho received objections to the proposed film from Rankin/Bass Productions, who helped provide Toho with the rights to Kong and was co-producing the project and felt the story didn't follow the source material, The King Kong Show, closely enough. Toho went back to the drawing board for their second Kong film and ultimately produced the more faithful King Kong Escapes in 1967. However, rather than completely discard the King Kong vs. Ebirah story, the studio opted to write Godzilla into Kong's role, with the end result being 1966's Ebirah, Horror of the Deep.

A concept maquette of Ebirah

According to special effects director Sadamasa Arikawa, the filmmakers attempted to make the shrimp kaiju intimidating by emphasizing certain features, such as the strength of its claws, the eerieness of its mouth movements as it preys on humans, and the general grotesqueness of a shrimp. Ebirah's head was modeled by Teizo Toshimitsu and his torso by Yasuei Yagi. Ebirah's suit was composed of separate upper and lower halves, with suit actor Hiroshi Sekita wearing only the upper half for scenes of the kaiju above water. Otherwise, the two halves were joined without an actor inside and manipulated like a prop.[8] Posters and promotional photos of Ebirah showed him battling with Godzilla on land, although in the film itself the two kaiju only battle in the sea. These promotional images also depicted Ebirah with a scorpion-inspired reversed tail, which is not present in the onscreen design. A large model of Ebirah's claw was constructed for scenes of the monster attacking the Yahlen and other watercraft.[8][10]

Ebirah concept art for Godzilla: Final Wars by Shinji Nishikawa

Ebirah was included in an early draft for Destroy All Monsters titled All Monsters Attack Directive, but was omitted from the finished film.[11] The kaiju's next onscreen appearance would not come until 2004, when he was one of several Showa kaiju brought back for the franchise's 50th anniversary film, Godzilla: Final Wars. Ebirah was redesigned by Shinji Nishikawa, and his suit was modeled by Shinichi Wakasa's company MONSTERS. The new suit was worn onscreen by prolific Kamen Rider and Super Sentai suit actor Toshihiro Ogura, who also portrayed Anguirus and Keizer Ghidorah in the film.

Design

Ebirah generally looks like a giant lobster or shrimp. His body is red all throughout, and he has one pincer that is bigger than the other one. He also has two antennae and a giant nose-like shell piece. Ebirah additionally has multiple legs and multiple segments in his body, leading up to a normal lobster tail. In Ebirah, Horror of the Deep specifically, Ebirah's body is wide and his body segments are not very pronounced, his right claw is more massive than the left one, he has crustacean whiskers, eyes on stalks, and about six legs. Ebirah also has big eyebrows and spikes on its back, as well as fairly long scythe-like pointy crest, and seems to have a mouth like Mothra's, in that it is flipped on its side.

In Godzilla: Final Wars, Ebirah has a large goblin nose-like crest, one claw that is much longer than the other, eight large legs, and 16-20 spikes along his length. Ebirah's eyes are set into the head and he has crustacean-like antennae and mouth. Ebirah's underside is a very dark red, almost brown color. The body segments are clearly distinguished and separated, making it more closely resemble real-life crustaceans.

Origins

Ebirah was a crustacean that was mutated to colossal size by the nuclear waste produced by the Red Bamboo's operations on Letchi Island. The Red Bamboo used Ebirah's presence to their advantage, keeping him in the island's waters to prevent any ships from entering or leaving. The Red Bamboo released a yellow juice from their own ships that repelled Ebirah, allowing them to enter or leave the island's waters at their leisure.

History

Showa Series

Ebirah, Horror of the Deep

A terrorist organization known as the Red Bamboo secretly operated on the remote Letchi Island in the South Pacific, where they enslaved natives of Infant Island while producing nuclear weapons. Guarding the waters of the island was Ebirah, who destroyed any ship that came too close to the island. Ebirah was successful at this and no ship could reach the island. The Red Bamboo ships used a special extract from the island's fruit to protect themselves from Ebirah. When a small group of people stranded on the island saw Godzilla sleeping in a cave, they woke him so he could fight Ebirah. Godzilla easily won and injured the crustacean with the atomic breath. The day after, a Red Bamboo ship appeared, but they accidentally used a placebo and not the fruit extract. Ebirah attacked and tore the ship apart. Godzilla reappeared, but this time, Godzilla pulled off Ebirah's claws. Ebirah retreated and was not seen again.

All Monsters Attack

Ebirah appeared on the sea near Monster Island alongside the Giant Condor in Ichiro's dream. He fought Godzilla briefly, and retreated back into the water after Godzilla defeated him.

Millennium Series

Godzilla: Final Wars

Ebirah was one of the many kaiju under the control of the Xiliens when they invaded Earth in 20XX. He destroyed a factory near Tokai. The JSDF tried to destroy Ebirah, but the immense crustacean was too powerful, knocking over buildings in order to destroy tanks and resisting weaponry with its durable exoskeleton. The Earth Defense Force's mutant soldiers were then called to stop the monster. The mutants successfully defeated Ebirah with specialized hand-held maser cannons and were about to kill it, when it suddenly disappeared. The Xiliens then revealed themselves to the people of Earth and claimed that they destroyed the monsters to save humanity. However, the EDF soon discovered that the monsters were controlled by the Xiliens, who aimed to conquer the planet. The Gotengo then freed Godzilla from Antarctica so he could fight the controlled kaiju. The plan was a success and Godzilla successfully defeated most of the kaiju as he made his way to Japan. Ebirah and Hedorah were sent to destroy Godzilla in Tokyo Bay. However, Godzilla blasted them out of the water with his atomic breath and the duo crashed into a building, with Ebirah accidentally piercing Hedorah's large eye with his pincer. Godzilla then emerged from the waves and fired another blast of atomic breath, destroying both Ebirah and Hedorah.

Abilities

Claws

Ebirah has two differently-sized claws, one on each arm. Ebirah uses his larger right claw to grasp objects or bludgeon enemies. He accidentally stabbed one of Hedorah's eyes with this claw in Godzilla: Final Wars. Ebirah used this claw to catch and throw boulders at Godzilla during their first battle. Ebirah also has a smaller, thinner claw on his left arm which he used to skewer Infant Islanders trying to escape from the Red Bamboo on Letchi Island. In Godzilla: Final Wars, Ebirah can attack with both of his claws simultaneously in a maneuver known as Crisis Scissors (クライシス・シザース,   Kuraishisu Shizāsu).

Aquatic Adaptation

Being a mutated crustacean, Ebirah is a very capable swimmer and underwater combatant. He is able to fight Godzilla on even footing underwater, possessing the strength to pull him all the way down to the sea floor.

Weaknesses

In Ebirah, Horror of the Deep, Ebirah possessed an aversion to a yellow fruit that grew on Letchi Island. The Red Bamboo used this weakness to prevent Ebirah from attacking their boats, which shot out jets of juice from the fruit to ward him off. While able to hold his own against Godzilla beneath the waves, Ebirah was outmatched when fighting with the majority of his body above the surface. Godzilla was able to bite off both of Ebirah's claws and render him helpless. In both of his film appearances, Ebirah has shown a susceptibility to Godzilla's atomic breath. In Ebirah, Horror of the Deep, Godzilla defeated Ebirah and forced him to retreat by superheating the water around Ebirah with his atomic breath, boiling him alive. In Godzilla: Final Wars, Ebirah is blasted out of Tokyo Bay by Godzilla's atomic breath and subsequently dispatched by a second blast. Ebirah is also vulnerable to the handheld weapons used by the M Organization of the Earth Defense Force earlier in the same film, which prove sufficient to destroy one of his claws and bring him down before the Xiliens teleport him away.

Filmography

Video Games

Godzilla: Save the Earth

Ebirah makes its only appearance in the Atari-Pipeworks games in Godzilla: Save the Earth in the final on-rail shooter-style level when playing as Godzilla 2000. Ebirah appears before facing the Vortaak's Hammer Sub and must be defeated to continue.

Godzilla (PlayStation 3 / PlayStation 4)

Main article: Godzilla (2014 video game)/Kaiju Guide#Ebirah.

Books

GODZILLA: Monster Apocalypse

Multiple individual Ebirahs appeared, but the third individual denoted "Ebirah III" was killed by the USS Saratoga in 2015.[12]

Comics

Godzilla, King of the Monsters

After the defeat of his pawn King Ghidorah III, Ebirah was the next monster in Dr. Mad Oniyama's lineup to be pitted against Godzilla. This time, Oniyama decided to work on modifying Ebirah, grafting giant insect wings to the lobster due to his belief that insects and crustaceans are physically similar.

The flying Ebirah first appeared in a South Pacific Beach resort, where it used its new wings to great effect, flying around and stabbing at Godzilla. Ebirah was, however, impaled on a palm tree and had its new wings torn off by the King of the Monsters. It was then frozen and destroyed.

Godzilla: The Half-Century War

Godzilla: Rulers of Earth

During the battle between King Caesar and Megalon, the island's natives caught between the two kaiju's battle ran for cover, some escaping to the ocean. However, Varan and Ebirah started to devour any stragglers. Ebirah, Varan, Megalon and King Caesar all vanished as an alien ship crash landed into the ocean near by. Ebirah was later seen on the water monsters section of the mural on Infant Island.

Ebirah makes a full appearance in issue #17, where he abruptly attacks Godzilla, who is swimming back after his battle with the Mechagodzillas and Mecha-King Ghidorah. Godzilla throws Ebirah to the surface, and the two monsters arrive in Sao Paulo, Brazil. While Godzilla and Ebirah battle, Ebirah is swarmed by Meganulons, who break through his shell and draw blood. Ebirah snaps his claw shut on some of the Meganulons, cutting them in half. Megaguirus soon arrives and stings Ebirah. After repeated attacks from all of the monsters, Ebirah retreats to the ocean. Ebirah was not seen afterwards, and none of the Trilopods possessed his characteristics.

Godzilla: Cataclysm

In Godzilla: Cataclysm Issue 2, Arata's grandfather states that members of his village pray to Ebirah to bring them plentiful fishing trips.

Gallery

Main article: Ebirah/Gallery.

Sightings

  • Ebirah inspired two monsters who appeared in the Nintendo anime Kirby: Right Back at Ya!, Ebifryer and Ebizou. Both are giant shrimp monsters who have abilities far stronger than the rest of the cast.

Roar

Ebirah's shriek was edited and reused for Kamacuras in Son of Godzilla. It was also later used for the Giant Spider in the English-dubbed version of the film The Magic Serpent, and many kaiju from the Ultra Series, such as Eleking and Vakishim.

MISSING VIDEO
Ebirah's roars in Ebirah, Horror of the Deep
Ebirah's roars in Godzilla: Final Wars

In Other Languages

Language Name Meaning
China and Taiwan Flags.png Mandarin Chinese 伊比拉 Yībǐlā Transcription of Japanese name
Flagicon Russia.png Russian Эбира Transliteration of Japanese name

Trivia

References

This is a list of references for Ebirah. These citations are used to identify the reliable sources on which this article is based. These references appear inside articles in the form of superscript numbers, which look like this: [1]

  1. Godzilla Toho Giant Monster Pictorial Book. Shogakukan. 1 April 2005. p. 105. ISBN 4-09-280052-5. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. Ent.kodansha.co.jp: Godzilla All Movie DVD Collector's Box IQ Test
    HugeShrimp.png
  3. Toho Special Effects All Monster Encyclopedia. Shogakukan. 23 July 2014. p. 45. ISBN 4-096-82090-3. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 J.D. Lees, Marc Cerasini (24 March 1998). The Official Godzilla Compendium. Random House. p. 123. ISBN 0279888225 Check |isbn= value: checksum (help). Check date values in: |date= (help)
    Compendium3.png
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Godzilla Completely Deciphered. Takarajimasha. 26 June 2014. pp. 103, 114. ISBN 4800228964.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Toho Special Effects All Monster Encyclopedia. Shogakukan. 23 July 2014. p. 118. ISBN 4-096-82090-3. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. Godzilla Dictionary [New Edition]. Kasakura Publishing. 7 August 2014. p. 374. ISBN 9784773087253.
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Toho Special Effects Movie Complete Works. Village Books. 28 September 2012. pp. 110–113. ISBN 9784864910132.
  9. Godzilla Dictionary. Kasakura Publishing. 1 November 2004. p. 317. ISBN 9784773002928. Unknown parameter |ed= ignored (|edition= suggested) (help)
  10. Godzilla 1954-1999 Super Complete Works. Shogakukan. 1 January 2000. p. 116. ISBN 978-4091014702. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. Godzilla Character Encyclopedia: Toho Special Effects Movie Complete History. Kodansha. 15 July 2014. p. 114. ISBN 978-4062190046.
  12. Ōki, Renji (October 25, 2017). GODZILLA: Monster Apocalypse. Kadokawa. p. 87.

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