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{{Ktab}}
{{Tab/new}}
{{Kaiju Infobox
{{Kaiju Infobox
|type1            =Rock
|type1            =Rock
|type2            =Dark
|type2            =Dark
|header          ={{Toho Kaiju}}
|copyrighticon    =Monster Icons - Sanda.png
|copyrighticon    =Monster Icons - Sanda.png
|altimage        =<tabs style="color:black; padding: 0px; border: 5px solid #{{{{{type2}}} color}}; background: {{{{{type2}}} color}}; margin: 0px;">
|altimage        =<tabs style="color:black; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;">
<tab name="Adult">[[File:Sanda.png|300px|Sanda in War of the Gargantuas]]</tab>
<tab name="Adult">[[File:Sanda.png|330px|Sanda in The War of the Gargantuas]]</tab>
<tab name="Juvenile">[[File:Baby Sanda.png|300px|Juvenile Sanda]]</tab>
<tab name="Juvenile">[[File:Baby Sanda.png|330px|Juvenile Sanda in The War of the Gargantuas]]</tab>
</tabs>
</tabs>
|caption          =Sanda in The War of the Gargantuas
|name            =Sanda{{tt|™|Sanda is a trademark of Toho Company Ltd.}}
|name            =Sanda{{tt|™|Sanda is a Trademark of Toho Company Ltd.}}
|subtitle        =Frankenstein's Monster<br>{{Nihongo|フランケンシュタインの怪獣|Furankenshutain no Kaijū}}<ref name="TSEAMEncyclopedia">{{cite book|title=[[Toho Special Effects All Monster Encyclopedia]]|date=23 July 2014|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|page=42|isbn=4-096-82090-3}}</ref><br>Monster Giant<br>{{Nihongo|怪獣ジャイアント|Kaijū Jaianto}}{{sup|[[The War of the Gargantuas|WotG]]}}<br>Brother Mountain Beast<br>{{Nihongo|兄弟山獣|Kyōdai Sanjū}}{{sup|[[Godzilla: Trading Battle|GTB]]}}
|subtitle        =Frankenstein's Monster<br>{{Nihongo|フランケンシュタインの怪獣|Furankenshutain no Kaijū}}<ref name="TSEAMEncyclopedia">{{cite book|title=[[Toho Special Effects All Monster Encyclopedia]]|date=23 July [[2014]]|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|page=42|isbn=4-096-82090-3}}</ref><br>Brother Mountain Beast<br>{{Nihongo|兄弟山獣|Kyōdai Yama-jū}}{{sup|[[Godzilla: Trading Battle|G:TB]]}}
|species          =[[Frankenstein]] spawn{{sup|[[The War of the Gargantuas|WotG]]}},<br>mutated [[Minions of Maoh|Minion of Maoh]]{{sup|[[Go! Greenman|G!Gr]]}}
|species          =[[Frankenstein]] Spawn{{sup|[[The War of the Gargantuas|WotG]]}},<br>Giant Ogre{{sup|[[Go! Godman|G!Go]]}},<br>Mutated [[Minions of Maoh|Minion of Maoh]]{{sup|[[Go! Greenman|G!Gr]]}}
|nicknames        =Mountain Frankenstein,<ref name="TSEMCW"/><br>Brown Gargantua<ref name="TSEMCW"/>
|nicknames        =Brown Gargantua,<br>Giant Ogre
|height          =30 meters<ref name="GGMSE">{{cite book|title=[[Godzilla Giant Monsters Super Encyclopedia]]|edition=4th|date=15 March 1994|publisher=[[Kodansha]]|page=56|isbn=978-4063042702}}</ref> <br>50 meters{{sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}<ref name="Toho Kingdom forums - correspondence with artist Jeff Zornow"> Toho Kingdom forums - correspondence with artist Jeff Zornow, 28 March 2015 <br>[[File:Zornow-monster heights-RoE.jpg|420px]]</ref>
|height          =30 meters<ref name="GGMSE">{{cite book|title=[[Godzilla Giant Monsters Super Encyclopedia]]|ed=4th edition|date=15 March 1994|publisher=[[Kodansha]]|page=56|isbn=978-4063042702}}</ref>
 
|weight          =15,000 metric tons<ref name="GGMSE"/>
|weight          =15,000 metric tons<ref name="GGMSE"/>
|originplace      =Mount Miyama<ref name="TSEAMEncyclopedia"/>
|originplace      =Mount Miyama<ref name="TSEAMEncyclopedia"/>
|controlled      =[[Tonchiki]]{{sup|[[Go! Greenman|G!Gr]]}}
|controlled      =[[Tonchiki]]{{sup|[[Go! Greenman|G!Gr]]}}
|relationships    =[[Gaira]] {{Small|('Brother')}},<br>[[Frankenstein]] {{small|(Cell donor)}},<br>[[Tonchiki]] {{Small|(Creator)}}{{sup|[[Go! Greenman|G!Gr]]}}
|relationships    =[[Gaira]] {{Small|("brother")}},<br>[[Frankenstein]] {{small|(cell donor)}},<br>[[Tonchiki]] {{Small|(creator)}}{{sup|[[Go! Greenman|G!Gr]]}}
|allies          =[[Godzilla]]{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}, [[King Caesar]]{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}[[Kamacuras]]{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}, [[Rodan]]{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}, [[Anguirus]]{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}, [[Kamoebas]]{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}, [[Gorosaurus]]{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}, [[Kumonga]]{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}, [[Varan]]{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}, [[Baragon]]{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}, [[Zilla]]{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}, [[Gaira]]{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}, [[Jet Jaguar]]{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}
|allies          =[[Godzilla]],{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}} [[King Caesar]],{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}} [[Kamacuras]],{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}, [[Rodan]],{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}} [[Anguirus]],{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}} [[Kamoebas]],{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}, [[Gorosaurus]],{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}} [[Kumonga]],{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}} [[Varan]],{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}} [[Baragon]]{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}} [[Zilla]],{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}, [[Gaira]],{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}} [[Jet Jaguar]]{{Sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}
|enemies          =[[Gaira]], [[Godman]]{{sup|[[Go! Godman|G!Go]]}}, [[Greenman]]{{sup|[[Go! Greenman|G!Gr]]}}, [[Godzilla]]{{sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}, [[Trilopod]]{{sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}
|enemies          =[[Gaira]], [[Godman]],{{sup|[[Go! Godman|G!Go]]}} [[Greenman]],{{sup|[[Go! Greenman|G!Gr]]}} [[Godzilla]] {{small|(initially)}}{{sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}} [[Trilopod]]s{{sup|[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth|GRoE]]}}
|created         =[[Ishiro Honda]]<br>[[Eiji Tsuburaya]]
|designed        =[[Tohl Narita]]
|modeled         =[[Kanju Yagi and Yasuei Yagi|Kanju Yagi, Yasuei Yagi]], [[Eizo Kaimai]]
|portrayed        =[[Hiroshi Sekita]]
|portrayed        =[[Hiroshi Sekita]]
|debut            =''[[The War of the Gargantuas]]''
|debut            =''[[The War of the Gargantuas]]''
|last            =''[[Go! Greenman]]''
|last            =''[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth]]''
|forms            =Baby{{sup|[[The War of the Gargantuas|WotG]]}}, Human size{{sup|[[Go! Greenman|G!Gr]]}}
|forms            =Baby{{sup|[[The War of the Gargantuas|WotG]]}}, human size{{sup|[[Go! Greenman|G!Gr]]}}
|roar            ='''[[The War of the Gargantuas|1966]]'''[[File:Sanda_Roar_Showa.ogg|180px|noicon]]'''[[Go! Godman|Godman]]'''[[File:Sanda Roar Godman (Tyrant).ogg|180px|noicon]]'''Juvenile'''[[File:Baby sanda roar.ogg|180px|noicon]]'''{{More Roars}}
|roar            ='''''[[The War of the Gargantuas]]''''':<br>[[File:Sanda_Roar_Showa.ogg|180px|center|noicon]]'''Juvenile''':<br>[[File:Baby sanda roar.ogg|180px|center|noicon]]'''''[[Go! Godman]]''''':<br>[[File:Sanda Roar Godman (Tyrant).ogg|180px|center|noicon]]{{More Roars}}
}}
}}
'''Sanda''' {{Nihongo|サンダ|Sanda}} is a [[Frankenstein]]-spawn [[kaiju]] created by [[Toho]] that first appeared in the [[1966]] [[Toho]] [[:Category:Films|film]], ''[[The War of the Gargantuas]]''.
'''Sanda''' {{Nihongo|サンダ|Sanda}} is a [[Frankenstein]] spawn [[kaiju]] who first appeared in the [[1966]] [[Toho]] [[:Category:Films|film]] ''[[The War of the Gargantuas]]''.
 
A creature spawned by the immortal regenerating cells of Frankenstein, Sanda was discovered and raised by a group of scientists at an institute. The friendly creature eventually escaped and seemingly died at [[Mount Fuji]]. However, reports of a Frankenstein-like creature called [[Gaira]] attacking ships and eating humans led many to suspect that Sanda was still alive and had turned against humanity. Sanda's former caretakers Dr. [[Paul Stewart]], Dr. Yuzo Mamiya, and [[Akemi Togawa]] began a search for Sanda, investigating huge humanoid footprints left behind in the Japanese Alps as well as tissue left behind by the malevolent Gargantua, determining that Sanda was alive and that Gaira was genetically identical to him. However, when the [[JSDF]] nearly killed Gaira with its [[Type 66 Maser Cannon]]s, Sanda appeared to call off the attack and bring his "brother" to safety. It was learned that Gaira had regenerated from some of Sanda's cells left behind in Lake Biwa, becoming hateful and brutal due to his environment unlike his brother. Sanda was horrified to learn Gaira was eating humans and attacked him, sending Gaira into a violent frenzy as he made his way to [[Tokyo]]. Sanda followed his brother and tried to reason with him, but was ultimately forced to fight him to protect humanity. The Gargantuas' battle spilled out into [[Tokyo Bay]] and out into the open ocean, where they were seemingly destroyed by the nearby eruption of an undersea volcano. Sanda and Gaira both reappeared in the television series ''[[Go! Godman]]'' and ''[[Go! Greenman]]'' as one-off enemies of the titular heroes. Despite not debuting in the [[Godzilla (franchise)|''Godzilla'' series]], both Gargantuas have subsequently made appearances in its related media such as video games and comic books.
{{TOC}}
{{TOC}}
==Name==
==Name==
Sanda's name is derived from "''san''" {{Nihongo|{{tt|山|さん}}}}, the Japanese word for "mountain," in reference to his habit of spending most of his time living in the mountains. In the script for ''[[The War of the Gargantuas]]'', Sanda was given the name '''Mountain Frankenstein''' {{Nihongo|{{tt|山|さん}}フランケンシュタイン|San Furankenshutain}}.<ref>[[Toho Special Effects Movie Complete Works|『東宝特撮映画大全集』(''Toho Special Effects Movie Complete Works'')]]. Village Books, [[2012]]. Pages 106-109 ISBN 978-4864910132.</ref> In the [[United States|U.S.]] English dub for ''The War of the Gargantuas'', Sanda is called the '''Brown Gargantua''' {{Nihongo|ブラウンガルガンチュア|Buraun Garuganchua}}.
Sanda's name is derived from "''san''" {{Nihongo|{{tt|山|さん}}}}, the Japanese word for "mountain,"<ref name="TSEMCW"/> in reference to his habit of spending most of his time living in the mountains. Originally, Sanda was given the name '''Mountain Frankenstein''' {{Nihongo|{{ruby|山|さん}}フランケンシュタイン|San Furankenshutain}}.<ref name="TSEMCW">{{cite book|title=[[Toho Special Effects Movie Complete Works]]|date=28 September 2012|publisher=[[villagebooks]]|pages=107-108|isbn=9784864910132}}</ref> In the [[United States|U.S.]] English dub for ''The War of the Gargantuas'', Sanda is called the '''Brown Gargantua''' {{Nihongo|ブラウン・ガルガンチュア|Buraun Garuganchua}}.<ref name="TSEMCW"/>
==Development==
Following ''[[Frankenstein vs. Baragon]]'', Toho began work on a direct sequel. [[Kaoru Mabuchi|Takeshi Kimura]] turned in the first draft of the script in January of 1966, titled ''The Frankenstein Brothers''. Originally, Sanda was the white-haired "Mountain Frankenstein."<ref name="TSEMCW"/> [[Ishiro Honda]], who directed both films and had a rare screenwriting credit on ''[[The War of the Gargantuas]]'', felt that the new story would stand better on its own, so the connections to ''Frankenstein vs. Baragon'' are diminished in the finished film.
 
[[Gaira]] and Sanda were designed by artist [[Tohl Narita]],<ref name="TPBOG2">{{cite book|title=[[The Pictorial Book of Godzilla 2]]|date=1 December 1995|publisher=Hobby Japan Co., Ltd.|page=80-84|isbn=978-4894251175}}</ref> known most prominently for his work as art director on the ''[[wikia:w:c:ultra:Ultraman Series|Ultra Series]]''.
 
[[Teizo Toshimitsu]] prototyped and modeled the heads of the Gargantua suits,<ref name="AllTMPB"/> while the [[Kanju Yagi and Yasuei Yagi|Yagi brothers Kanju and Yasuei]], along with [[Eizo Kaimai]], were responsible for their bodies. Kaimai stated that the suits did not use wetsuits as their cores, despite the film's extensive water scenes, as he believed the rubber material would be too restrictive to act in.<ref name="AllTMPB">{{cite book|title=[[All Toho Monsters Pictorial Book]] (4th Edition)|date=4 September 2016|publisher=Yosensha|pages=114-115|isbn=978-4-8003-0362-2}}</ref> Instead, they were based around boilersuit-esque garments with skin and fur directly applied.<ref name="AllTMPB"/> Both Gargantua suits also featured football shoulder pads to emphasize their agility and strength.<ref name="ETMoM">{{cite book|title=[[Eiji Tsuburaya: Master of Monsters]]|edition=paperback|date=6 May 2014|publisher=Chronicle Books|page=|isbn=978-1-4521-3539-7}}</ref>
 
To play Sanda, special effects director [[Eiji Tsuburaya]] first asked [[Shoichi Hirose]], who had already played opposite [[Haruo Nakajima]] as [[King Kong (King Kong vs. Godzilla)|King Kong]] in ''[[King Kong vs. Godzilla]]'' and [[King Ghidorah (Showa)|King Ghidorah]] in ''[[Invasion of Astro-Monster]]''. Hirose declined, favoring a part he had been offered in another film where he would actually get to show his face.<ref name="AotG">{{cite book|title=[[Age of the Gods: A History of the Japanese Fantasy Film]]|date=1996|author=Guy Mariner Tucker|publisher=Feral House|page=194}}</ref> [[Hiroshi Sekita]] took his place, in the first of his many kaiju roles at Toho. Like Nakajima, his mask was a lifecast of his own face.<ref name="AllTMPB"/> The juvenile Sanda, who briefly appears in flashback, was portrayed by child actor Yasuhiro Komiya who wore an appropriately-sized mask and fur suit.<ref name="AllTMPB"/>
 
Toho reused the Sanda and Gaira suits for ''[[Go! Godman]]'' and ''[[Go! Greenman]]'', though each featured a new headpiece.
==Design==
==Design==
Sanda resembles his "brother" Gaira, being a humanoid giant covered in fur. Unlike Gaira, Sanda has a more human-like face, and has what appears to be a beard on his chin. Sanda's fur is a light brown color. In ''[[Go! Godman]]'', Sanda's suit has heavily decayed and most of the hair on his body has fallen off, while the hair on his head is much longer. In the follow-up series, ''[[Go! Greenman]]'', Sanda's suit is still decayed, but his head has been replaced with a more ape-like head.
Sanda resembles his "brother" [[Gaira]], being a humanoid giant covered in fur. Unlike Gaira, Sanda has a more human-like face, and has what appears to be a beard on his chin. Sanda's fur is a light brown color.
 
In ''[[Go! Godman]]'', Sanda's suit has heavily decayed and most of the hair on his body has fallen off, while the hair on his head is much longer. In the follow-up series, ''[[Go! Greenman]]'', Sanda's suit is still decrepit, but his head has been replaced with a more ape-like head.
==Personality==
==Personality==
In ''The War of the Gargantuas'', Sanda is gentle and caring, due to being lovingly raised by human scientists, including [[Akemi Togawa]], when he was an infant. After learning that his "brother," [[Gaira]], is under attack by the [[JSDF]], Sanda rescues him, but does so non-violently, refusing to fight back against the military. Sanda tries to keep Gaira safe and allow him to recuperate, but grows angry when he learns that Gaira is attacking and killing humans. When Gaira attacks Tokyo, Sanda decides he is willing to kill his own brother rather than let innocent humans die.
In ''[[The War of the Gargantuas]]'', Sanda is gentle and caring, due to being lovingly raised by human scientists, including [[Akemi Togawa]], when he was an infant. After learning that his "brother," [[Gaira]], is under attack by the [[JSDF]], Sanda rescues him, but does so non-violently, refusing to fight back against the military. Sanda tries to keep Gaira safe and allow him to recuperate, but grows angry when he learns that Gaira is attacking and killing humans. When Gaira attacks Tokyo, Sanda decides he is willing to kill his own brother rather than let innocent humans die.


In ''[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth]]'', Sanda retains most of these traits. Sanda has desperately been searching for Gaira, and follows him to the [[Pacific Ocean]] after Gaira escapes from a [[China|Chinese]] military facility. When Sanda finds himself surrounded by military forces after coming ashore in [[Australia]], he surrenders and refuses to fight them. When he sees Gaira willingly destroying the military forces, he becomes distressed and tries to stop his brother. Despite this, Sanda has a strong loyalty to Gaira, and will do whatever he can to protect him without endangering human lives.
In ''[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth]]'', Sanda retains most of these traits. Sanda has desperately been searching for Gaira, and follows him to the [[Pacific Ocean]] after Gaira escapes from a [[China|Chinese]] military facility. When Sanda finds himself surrounded by military forces after coming ashore in [[Australia]], he surrenders and refuses to fight them. When he sees Gaira willingly destroying the military forces, he becomes distressed and tries to stop his brother. Despite this, Sanda has a strong loyalty to Gaira, and will do whatever he can to protect him without endangering human lives.
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In ''The War of the Gargantuas'', Sanda is believed to be the result of some of [[Frankenstein]]'s flesh breaking off in the mountains of Japan. Over time, this severed flesh grew into Sanda, who was discovered by scientists. As a child, Sanda was raised in a research facility under the care of [[Akemi Togawa]]. Eventually, Sanda escaped and returned to the mountains, where he grew to 30 meters in height. Due to his upbringing, Sanda became a gentle and kind creature who had a positive view of human beings.
In ''The War of the Gargantuas'', Sanda is believed to be the result of some of [[Frankenstein]]'s flesh breaking off in the mountains of Japan. Over time, this severed flesh grew into Sanda, who was discovered by scientists. As a child, Sanda was raised in a research facility under the care of [[Akemi Togawa]]. Eventually, Sanda escaped and returned to the mountains, where he grew to 30 meters in height. Due to his upbringing, Sanda became a gentle and kind creature who had a positive view of human beings.
==History==
==History==
===[[Showa era|Showa Series]]===
*''[[The War of the Gargantuas]]'' (1966)
*''[[Go! Godman]]'' (TV 1972-1973) [episode 16]
*''[[Go! Greenman]]'' (TV 1973-1974) [episode 31]
===[[Showa era]]===
====''[[The War of the Gargantuas]]''====
====''[[The War of the Gargantuas]]''====
Sanda grew from the flesh of [[Frankenstein]], along with [[Gaira]]. He was captured by scientists and studied when he was small, but he escaped to the mountains. One year later, he had grown to 30 meters in height. He returned to save Gaira from the [[JSDF]], and he took him to the mountains. Gaira started to eat humans, which angered Sanda, due to his upbringing around people. Sanda attacked Gaira, but Gaira fled. Gaira attacked Tokyo, and Sanda fought him again. They fought in the sea, but they were both pulled into a volcano.
[[File:Sanda 1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sanda in ''[[The War of the Gargantuas]]'']]Sanda grew from the flesh of [[Frankenstein]], along with [[Gaira]]. He was captured by scientists and studied when he was small, but he escaped to the mountains. One year later, he had grown to 30 meters in height. He returned to save Gaira from the [[JSDF]], and he took him to the mountains. Gaira started to eat humans, which angered Sanda, due to his upbringing around people. Sanda attacked Gaira, but Gaira fled. Gaira attacked Tokyo, and Sanda fought him again. They fought in the sea, but they were both pulled into a volcano.
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}
===''[[Go! Godman]]''===
====''[[Go! Godman]]''====
[[File:Sanda in Godman.png|thumb|right|200px|Sanda in ''[[Go! Godman]]'']]Sanda also appears in ''Go! Godman'' as a villain. He was the nineteenth kaiju to battle [[Godman]].
[[File:Tn san10.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sanda in ''[[Go! Godman]]'']]Sanda also appears in ''Go! Godman'' as a villain. He was the nineteenth kaiju to battle [[Godman]]. Sanda looms over a group of boys playing ball before Godman appears to challenge him. Godman finally makes Sanda collapse and explode with his Supersonic Wave attack.
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}
===''[[Go! Greenman]]''===
====''[[Go! Greenman]]''====
[[File:Sandagurin.png|thumb|right|200px|Sanda in ''[[Go! Greenman]]'']]Sanda reappears in ''Go! Greenman''. Sanda has a new head and wig, and can breathe a highly toxic mist from his mouth as well as being able to change his size. He was the thirty-second kaiju to battle [[Greenman]].
[[File:Sandagurin.png|thumb|right|200px|Sanda in ''[[Go! Greenman]]'']]Sanda reappears in ''Go! Greenman''. Sanda has a new head and wig, and can breathe a highly toxic mist from his mouth as well as being able to change his size. He was the thirty-second kaiju to battle [[Greenman]].
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}
==Abilities==
==Abilities==
*Sanda is a capable hand-to-hand combatant, and in ''[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth]]'' demonstrates the ability to use improvised weapons.
===Physical abilities===
*Sanda appears to have human-like intelligence.
Sanda demonstrated his strength by uprooting a tree to attack [[Gaira]]. Sanda is a capable hand-to-hand combatant, and in ''[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth]]'' demonstrates the ability to use improvised weapons.
*Like his brother, Sanda displays enhanced regeneration, being able to completely grow back from just a few of [[Frankenstein]]'s cells.
===Intelligence===
*In ''Go! Greenman'', Sanda can breathe a very toxic mist from his mouth.
Sanda appears to have human-like intelligence.
*In ''Go! Greenman'', Sanda can alter his size after [[Tonchiki]] casts his trademark magic spell.
===Split-off biogenesis===
==Filmography==
Like his brother, Sanda displays enhanced regeneration, being able to completely grow back from just a few of [[Frankenstein]]'s cells.
*''[[The War of the Gargantuas]]'' (1966)
===Object-vanishing===
*''[[Go! Godman]]'' (TV 1972-1973) [episode 16]
In ''Go! Greenman'', Sanda can make objects vanish.
*''[[Go! Greenman]]'' (TV 1973-1974) [episode 31]
===Eating===
 
In ''Go! Greenman'', Sanda foiled two of [[Greenman]]'s projectile attacks, Greenman Breaster and Leg Arrow, by snatching them out of the air and eating them.
==Video Games==
===Toxic mist===
In ''Go! Greenman'', Sanda can breathe a very toxic pink mist from his mouth.
===Size changing===
In ''Go! Greenman'', Sanda can alter his size after [[Tonchiki]] casts his trademark magic spell.
===Weaknesses===
Sanda's leg was injured after a boulder fell into it.
==Video games==
*''[[Godzilla: Heart-Pounding Monster Island!!]]'' (1995) - Sega Pico
*''[[Godzilla: Heart-Pounding Monster Island!!]]'' (1995) - Sega Pico
*''[[Godzilla: Trading Battle]]'' (1998) - Sony PlayStation
*''[[Godzilla: Trading Battle]]'' (1998) - Sony PlayStation
*''[[Godzilla Generations]]'' (1998) - Sega Dreamcast
*''[[Godzilla Generations]]'' (1998) - Sega Dreamcast
 
*''Collect Godzilla: Giant Monster Assembly'' (1998) - Sega Dreamcast VMU
*''[[Godzilla Defense Force]]'' (2019) - Android and iOS
==Comics==
==Comics==
*''[[The Godzilla Comic]]'' [''Monster Warrior Godzilla''] (1990)
*''[[The Godzilla Comic]]'' [''Monster Warrior Godzilla''] (1990)
*''[[4-Panel Land: Godzilla World]]'' (1993)
*''[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth]]'' #5, 10-13, 19-21, 25 (2013-2015)
*''[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth]]'' #5, 10-13, 19-21, 25 (2013-2015)
===''[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth]]''===
===''[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth]]''===
[[File:RoE_Sanda.jpg|thumb|160px|Sanda in ''[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth]]'']]Sanda is first seen in the comics on a lone mountain range, watching as his 'brother' [[Gaira]] and [[Varan]] flew into the distance. At some point, the brown Gargantua gave chase and dove into the ocean which the two brawling monsters landed. Sanda chased his enraged brother, over a severely angered [[Godzilla]], who followed the two. Sanda was knocked out off panel, and came to, surrounded by military. Suddenly, Gaira dove onto him, but to protect him from Godzilla's beam. The green gargantua then hurried to keep his injured brother safe, smashing a tank that almost shot the brown giant. This angered Sanda, and the two had a small fight, only to have it broken up by another heat beam. The two brothers worked together to fight Godzilla, until Sanda smashed a [[Saradia]]n petrol tanker over Godzilla's face, causing the monster king to retreat. Gaira, now knocked out and injured, was protected by Sanda, and the two were transported to the new [[Monster Island]]s. There, Sanda lived with his brother alongside [[Baragon]], [[Kumonga]], [[Rodan]] and [[Zilla]]. At one point, Sanda was seen battling Kumonga alongside Baragon. When the [[Trilopod]]s attacked the Monster Islands, Sanda was getting strangled by a Trilopod with Kumonga's traits, only to be saved by his green brother.  
[[File:RoE_Sanda.jpg|thumb|200px|Sanda in ''[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth]]'']]
In the wake of [[Gaira]]'s battle with [[Varan]], Sanda spotted the dueling monsters flying high above Sanda's mountain range. Sanda reached out to his brother, but could only watch as Varan flew the green Gargantua further out over the sea. Sanda attempted to follow the two out to sea, but the waters took a toll on him. When they finally reunited days later, Gaira attacked Sanda by smashing a ship over his head, knocking him out. Unfortunately, the two monsters had also attracted the attention of [[Godzilla]], who chased them to land. When Sanda awoke on a beach in Australia, he found himself surrounded by the military. Before he could react, Gaira surfaced and tackled Sanda, which saved him from being hit by Godzilla's atomic breath. The Green Gargantua then hurried to keep his injured brother safe, fleeing deeper into the city. As they came under fire from a tank, Gaira smashed the tank to Sanda's horror - but as he attempted to fight Gaira over killing the humans, Godzilla caught up to them. After being separated by Godzilla's atomic ray, the two brothers worked together to fight Godzilla. While Gaira bit and clawed at Godzilla, Sanda unleashed a volley of punches, their speed and strength overwhelming Godzilla. Their upper hand would soon be lost, however, as Godzilla threw Sanda aside and stepped on Gaira. Sanda then attempted to scale a building to get the jump on Godzilla, but Godzilla caught him and destroyed the building, allowing the green Gargantua to engage Godzilla again. On the ground, Sanda happened upon a [[Saradia]]n petrol tanker, which he used to smash over Godzilla's face. Temporarily blinded by the explosion, Godzilla at last retreated. Afterwards, Sanda watched over the injured Gaira as the military elected to use a gas on the monsters to render them unconscious. After capturing the duo, both were relocated to the new [[Monster Island]]s to live in peace.


However, Sanda and his brother were eventually captured by Trilopods and had their characteristics copied, and while their Trilopod clones went to fight Godzilla in Los Angeles, Sanda and Gaira were kept in the Trilopod hive, until [[King Caesar]] broke all the Earth monsters free. Sanda, along with every other monster captured in the hive, rushed to fight the Trilopod swarm, and then tried to attack [[Magita]] when the massive Trilopod appeared, only to be swatted to the side. When Godzilla destroyed Magita, Sanda and every other monster present followed the monster king into the ocean.
Years later, the two brothers were still on the islands, now living alongside [[Baragon]], [[Kumonga]], [[Rodan]], and [[Zilla]]. At one point, Sanda was seen battling Kumonga alongside Baragon. When the [[Trilopod]]s attacked the Monster Islands, Sanda was quickly overpowered by a Trilopod with Kumonga's traits, though he was saved by his green brother. Unfortunately, despite their best efforts, both monsters were eventually captured by Trilopods and had their characteristics copied, ending up in the Trilopod hive alongside the rest of Earth's monsters. Soon, [[King Caesar]] broke all the Earth monsters free, allowing them to fight the invasion again and aid the outnumbered Godzilla. The two Gargantuas fought off the Trilopods before engaging [[Magita]] when the massive Trilopod queen appeared, only to be swatted to the side. When Magita was finally killed, Sanda, his brother, and every other monster present followed Godzilla out into the ocean.
 
<gallery widths="120" position="center" captionalign="center" spacing="small">
RULERS_OF_EARTH_Issue_5_-_7_-_Sanda_was_worried_for_his_brother_Gaira_who_was_carried_off_to_sea_by_Varan.png|Sanda reaches out for Gaira
Godzilla vs. the Gargantuas in Godzilla Rulers of Earth.jpg|Godzilla faces off against the Gargantuas
</gallery>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
{{Main|Sanda/Gallery}}
{{Main|Sanda/Gallery}}
==Roar==
==Roar==
Sanda's original roars are [[King Kong]]'s at a slightly lower pitch.
Sanda's original roars are a combination of [[King Kong (King Kong vs. Godzilla)|King Kong]]'s roars from ''[[King Kong vs. Godzilla]]'' and [[Frankenstein]]'s roars from ''[[Frankenstein vs. Baragon]]''.


In ''Go! Godman'', Sanda reused one of the ''[[w:c:ultra:Ultraman Taro (series)|Ultraman Taro]]'' [[kaiju]] [[w:c:ultra:Tyrant|Tyrant]]'s roars.
In ''Go! Godman'', Sanda reused one of the ''[[wikia:w:c:ultra:Ultraman Taro (series)|Ultraman Taro]]'' [[kaiju]] [[wikia:w:c:ultra:Tyrant|Tyrant]]'s roars.
{{videos|
{{videos|
{{vid|<youtube width="300" height="169">B6dUIIyJne0</youtube>|Sanda's roars from [[The War of the Gargantuas]]}}
{{vid|<youtube width="300" height="169">B6dUIIyJne0</youtube>|Sanda's roars from<br>''[[The War of the Gargantuas]]''}}
}}
}}
==Trivia==
*The ambitious first draft of ''[[Destroy All Monsters]]'' included both Sanda and [[Gaira]], along with just about every monster [[Toho]] had a suit for.<ref name="BigBookLostFilms">{{cite book|title=[[The Big Book of Japanese Giant Monster Movies: The Lost Films]]|author=LeMay, John|date=2017|publisher=Bicep Books|pages=241|isbn=9781548145255}}</ref> A later draft gave Sanda a cameo as a [[Monsterland]] resident, although the [[Kilaak]]s left him out of their invasion plans.
*During the long hiatus between ''[[Terror of Mechagodzilla]]'' and ''[[The Return of Godzilla]]'', [[Toho]] and [[UPA]] considered making a film in which [[Godzilla]] fought a Gargantua.<ref name="Saperstein">[http://snakeandboris.blogspot.com/2013/03/godzillas-american-cousin-filmfax-45.html the sphinx -  "Godzilla's American Cousin" (''FILMFAX'' #45, June/July 1994) ]</ref> This may have been one of the concepts they considered after Toho announced a new ''Godzilla'' film in 1978, under the vague title ''[[U.S.-Japan Collaboration: Godzilla]]''. Whether this would have been Sanda, Gaira, or a new Gargantua entirely is unknown. At some point, UPA owner [[Henry G. Saperstein]] also planned to produce a sequel to ''[[The War of the Gargantuas]]'', where Godzilla would battle a cyborg version of one of the monsters.<ref>{{cite book|author=Macias, Patrick|title=Otaku in USA - Love & Misunderstanding! The History of adopted Anime in America!|publisher=Ota Publishing|date=2006|isbn=978-4778310028}}</ref>
*The Sanda Plain is an area on [[Godzilla Island (location)|Godzilla Island]] in the [[Godzilla Island (series)|show of the same name]].
*Sanda's first appearance in ''[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth]]'', as he runs away from a helicopter, is an homage to the iconic pose struck by the Bigfoot in the [[wikipedia:Patterson–Gimlin film|Patterson–Gimlin film]]. Like his brother, Sanda does not appear in the cave painting on [[Infant Island]] showing ancient monsters aligned with the four elements.


==Trivia==
==Videos==
*Sanda's appearance in ''[[Godzilla: Rulers of Earth]]'', as he runs away from a helicopter, is an homage to Robert Patterson's Sasquatch film. Much like his brother, Sanda does not appear in the 'Natural Balance' of the five elements of Monsters.
{{Videos|
*Sanda is very similar personality-wise to the monster that spawned him, [[Frankenstein]]. Due to being raised by humans, both monsters are gentle towards humans, and risk their lives to battle monsters that threaten humans.
{{vid|<youtube width="300" height="169">aDwI-wTAxdM</youtube>|{{WZYT|Kaiju Profile: Sanda & Gaira}}}}
*The Sanda Plain is an area on [[Godzilla Island (Location)|Godzilla Island]] in the [[Godzilla Island (Series)|show of the same name]].
}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
{{Go!Godman}}
{{Go!Godman}}
{{TohoMonsters}}
{{Toho Monsters}}
{{Comments}}
{{Era|TOH|SHO|KAI|SAN}}
{{Era|TOH|SHO|KAI|SAN}}
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Latest revision as of 09:29, 1 March 2024

Article

Sanda™ trademark icon
Sanda
Sanda in The War of the Gargantuas
Juvenile Sanda in The War of the Gargantuas
Alternate names Mountain Frankenstein,[1]
Brown Gargantua[1]
Subtitle(s) Frankenstein's Monster
(フランケンシュタインの怪獣,   Furankenshutain no Kaijū)[2]
Monster Giant
(怪獣ジャイアント,   Kaijū Jaianto)WotG
Brother Mountain Beast
(兄弟山獣,   Kyōdai Sanjū)GTB
Species Frankenstein spawnWotG,
mutated Minion of MaohG!Gr
Height 30 meters[3]
50 metersGRoE[4]
Weight 15,000 metric tons[3]
Forms BabyWotG, human sizeG!Gr
Place(s) of emergence Mount Miyama[2]
Controlled by TonchikiG!Gr
Relations Gaira ("brother"),
Frankenstein (cell donor),
Tonchiki (creator)G!Gr
Allies Godzilla,GRoE King Caesar,GRoE Kamacuras,GRoE, Rodan,GRoE Anguirus,GRoE Kamoebas,GRoE, Gorosaurus,GRoE Kumonga,GRoE Varan,GRoE BaragonGRoE Zilla,GRoE, Gaira,GRoE Jet JaguarGRoE
Enemies Gaira, Godman,G!Go Greenman,G!Gr Godzilla (initially)GRoE TrilopodsGRoE
Designed by Tohl Narita
Modeled by Kanju Yagi, Yasuei Yagi, Eizo Kaimai
Played by Hiroshi Sekita
First appearance Latest appearance
The War of the Gargantuas Godzilla: Rulers of Earth
Roar(s)
The War of the Gargantuas:
Juvenile:
Go! Godman:
More roars

Sanda (サンダ,   Sanda) is a Frankenstein spawn kaiju who first appeared in the 1966 Toho film The War of the Gargantuas.

A creature spawned by the immortal regenerating cells of Frankenstein, Sanda was discovered and raised by a group of scientists at an institute. The friendly creature eventually escaped and seemingly died at Mount Fuji. However, reports of a Frankenstein-like creature called Gaira attacking ships and eating humans led many to suspect that Sanda was still alive and had turned against humanity. Sanda's former caretakers Dr. Paul Stewart, Dr. Yuzo Mamiya, and Akemi Togawa began a search for Sanda, investigating huge humanoid footprints left behind in the Japanese Alps as well as tissue left behind by the malevolent Gargantua, determining that Sanda was alive and that Gaira was genetically identical to him. However, when the JSDF nearly killed Gaira with its Type 66 Maser Cannons, Sanda appeared to call off the attack and bring his "brother" to safety. It was learned that Gaira had regenerated from some of Sanda's cells left behind in Lake Biwa, becoming hateful and brutal due to his environment unlike his brother. Sanda was horrified to learn Gaira was eating humans and attacked him, sending Gaira into a violent frenzy as he made his way to Tokyo. Sanda followed his brother and tried to reason with him, but was ultimately forced to fight him to protect humanity. The Gargantuas' battle spilled out into Tokyo Bay and out into the open ocean, where they were seemingly destroyed by the nearby eruption of an undersea volcano. Sanda and Gaira both reappeared in the television series Go! Godman and Go! Greenman as one-off enemies of the titular heroes. Despite not debuting in the Godzilla series, both Gargantuas have subsequently made appearances in its related media such as video games and comic books.

Name

Sanda's name is derived from "san" (), the Japanese word for "mountain,"[1] in reference to his habit of spending most of his time living in the mountains. Originally, Sanda was given the name Mountain Frankenstein ( (さん)フランケンシュタイン,   San Furankenshutain).[1] In the U.S. English dub for The War of the Gargantuas, Sanda is called the Brown Gargantua (ブラウン・ガルガンチュア,   Buraun Garuganchua).[1]

Development

Following Frankenstein vs. Baragon, Toho began work on a direct sequel. Takeshi Kimura turned in the first draft of the script in January of 1966, titled The Frankenstein Brothers. Originally, Sanda was the white-haired "Mountain Frankenstein."[1] Ishiro Honda, who directed both films and had a rare screenwriting credit on The War of the Gargantuas, felt that the new story would stand better on its own, so the connections to Frankenstein vs. Baragon are diminished in the finished film.

Gaira and Sanda were designed by artist Tohl Narita,[5] known most prominently for his work as art director on the Ultra Series.

Teizo Toshimitsu prototyped and modeled the heads of the Gargantua suits,[6] while the Yagi brothers Kanju and Yasuei, along with Eizo Kaimai, were responsible for their bodies. Kaimai stated that the suits did not use wetsuits as their cores, despite the film's extensive water scenes, as he believed the rubber material would be too restrictive to act in.[6] Instead, they were based around boilersuit-esque garments with skin and fur directly applied.[6] Both Gargantua suits also featured football shoulder pads to emphasize their agility and strength.[7]

To play Sanda, special effects director Eiji Tsuburaya first asked Shoichi Hirose, who had already played opposite Haruo Nakajima as King Kong in King Kong vs. Godzilla and King Ghidorah in Invasion of Astro-Monster. Hirose declined, favoring a part he had been offered in another film where he would actually get to show his face.[8] Hiroshi Sekita took his place, in the first of his many kaiju roles at Toho. Like Nakajima, his mask was a lifecast of his own face.[6] The juvenile Sanda, who briefly appears in flashback, was portrayed by child actor Yasuhiro Komiya who wore an appropriately-sized mask and fur suit.[6]

Toho reused the Sanda and Gaira suits for Go! Godman and Go! Greenman, though each featured a new headpiece.

Design

Sanda resembles his "brother" Gaira, being a humanoid giant covered in fur. Unlike Gaira, Sanda has a more human-like face, and has what appears to be a beard on his chin. Sanda's fur is a light brown color.

In Go! Godman, Sanda's suit has heavily decayed and most of the hair on his body has fallen off, while the hair on his head is much longer. In the follow-up series, Go! Greenman, Sanda's suit is still decrepit, but his head has been replaced with a more ape-like head.

Personality

In The War of the Gargantuas, Sanda is gentle and caring, due to being lovingly raised by human scientists, including Akemi Togawa, when he was an infant. After learning that his "brother," Gaira, is under attack by the JSDF, Sanda rescues him, but does so non-violently, refusing to fight back against the military. Sanda tries to keep Gaira safe and allow him to recuperate, but grows angry when he learns that Gaira is attacking and killing humans. When Gaira attacks Tokyo, Sanda decides he is willing to kill his own brother rather than let innocent humans die.

In Godzilla: Rulers of Earth, Sanda retains most of these traits. Sanda has desperately been searching for Gaira, and follows him to the Pacific Ocean after Gaira escapes from a Chinese military facility. When Sanda finds himself surrounded by military forces after coming ashore in Australia, he surrenders and refuses to fight them. When he sees Gaira willingly destroying the military forces, he becomes distressed and tries to stop his brother. Despite this, Sanda has a strong loyalty to Gaira, and will do whatever he can to protect him without endangering human lives.

Origins

In The War of the Gargantuas, Sanda is believed to be the result of some of Frankenstein's flesh breaking off in the mountains of Japan. Over time, this severed flesh grew into Sanda, who was discovered by scientists. As a child, Sanda was raised in a research facility under the care of Akemi Togawa. Eventually, Sanda escaped and returned to the mountains, where he grew to 30 meters in height. Due to his upbringing, Sanda became a gentle and kind creature who had a positive view of human beings.

History

Showa era

The War of the Gargantuas

Sanda grew from the flesh of Frankenstein, along with Gaira. He was captured by scientists and studied when he was small, but he escaped to the mountains. One year later, he had grown to 30 meters in height. He returned to save Gaira from the JSDF, and he took him to the mountains. Gaira started to eat humans, which angered Sanda, due to his upbringing around people. Sanda attacked Gaira, but Gaira fled. Gaira attacked Tokyo, and Sanda fought him again. They fought in the sea, but they were both pulled into a volcano.


Go! Godman

Sanda in Go! Godman

Sanda also appears in Go! Godman as a villain. He was the nineteenth kaiju to battle Godman. Sanda looms over a group of boys playing ball before Godman appears to challenge him. Godman finally makes Sanda collapse and explode with his Supersonic Wave attack.


Go! Greenman

Sanda in Go! Greenman

Sanda reappears in Go! Greenman. Sanda has a new head and wig, and can breathe a highly toxic mist from his mouth as well as being able to change his size. He was the thirty-second kaiju to battle Greenman.


Abilities

Physical abilities

Sanda demonstrated his strength by uprooting a tree to attack Gaira. Sanda is a capable hand-to-hand combatant, and in Godzilla: Rulers of Earth demonstrates the ability to use improvised weapons.

Intelligence

Sanda appears to have human-like intelligence.

Split-off biogenesis

Like his brother, Sanda displays enhanced regeneration, being able to completely grow back from just a few of Frankenstein's cells.

Object-vanishing

In Go! Greenman, Sanda can make objects vanish.

Eating

In Go! Greenman, Sanda foiled two of Greenman's projectile attacks, Greenman Breaster and Leg Arrow, by snatching them out of the air and eating them.

Toxic mist

In Go! Greenman, Sanda can breathe a very toxic pink mist from his mouth.

Size changing

In Go! Greenman, Sanda can alter his size after Tonchiki casts his trademark magic spell.

Weaknesses

Sanda's leg was injured after a boulder fell into it.

Video games

Comics

Godzilla: Rulers of Earth

In the wake of Gaira's battle with Varan, Sanda spotted the dueling monsters flying high above Sanda's mountain range. Sanda reached out to his brother, but could only watch as Varan flew the green Gargantua further out over the sea. Sanda attempted to follow the two out to sea, but the waters took a toll on him. When they finally reunited days later, Gaira attacked Sanda by smashing a ship over his head, knocking him out. Unfortunately, the two monsters had also attracted the attention of Godzilla, who chased them to land. When Sanda awoke on a beach in Australia, he found himself surrounded by the military. Before he could react, Gaira surfaced and tackled Sanda, which saved him from being hit by Godzilla's atomic breath. The Green Gargantua then hurried to keep his injured brother safe, fleeing deeper into the city. As they came under fire from a tank, Gaira smashed the tank to Sanda's horror - but as he attempted to fight Gaira over killing the humans, Godzilla caught up to them. After being separated by Godzilla's atomic ray, the two brothers worked together to fight Godzilla. While Gaira bit and clawed at Godzilla, Sanda unleashed a volley of punches, their speed and strength overwhelming Godzilla. Their upper hand would soon be lost, however, as Godzilla threw Sanda aside and stepped on Gaira. Sanda then attempted to scale a building to get the jump on Godzilla, but Godzilla caught him and destroyed the building, allowing the green Gargantua to engage Godzilla again. On the ground, Sanda happened upon a Saradian petrol tanker, which he used to smash over Godzilla's face. Temporarily blinded by the explosion, Godzilla at last retreated. Afterwards, Sanda watched over the injured Gaira as the military elected to use a gas on the monsters to render them unconscious. After capturing the duo, both were relocated to the new Monster Islands to live in peace.

Years later, the two brothers were still on the islands, now living alongside Baragon, Kumonga, Rodan, and Zilla. At one point, Sanda was seen battling Kumonga alongside Baragon. When the Trilopods attacked the Monster Islands, Sanda was quickly overpowered by a Trilopod with Kumonga's traits, though he was saved by his green brother. Unfortunately, despite their best efforts, both monsters were eventually captured by Trilopods and had their characteristics copied, ending up in the Trilopod hive alongside the rest of Earth's monsters. Soon, King Caesar broke all the Earth monsters free, allowing them to fight the invasion again and aid the outnumbered Godzilla. The two Gargantuas fought off the Trilopods before engaging Magita when the massive Trilopod queen appeared, only to be swatted to the side. When Magita was finally killed, Sanda, his brother, and every other monster present followed Godzilla out into the ocean.

Gallery

Main article: Sanda/Gallery.

Roar

Sanda's original roars are a combination of King Kong's roars from King Kong vs. Godzilla and Frankenstein's roars from Frankenstein vs. Baragon.

In Go! Godman, Sanda reused one of the Ultraman Taro kaiju Tyrant's roars.

Sanda's roars from
The War of the Gargantuas

Trivia

Videos

Wikizilla: YouTube Kaiju Profile: Sanda & Gaira

References

This is a list of references for Sanda. These citations are used to identify the reliable sources on which this article is based. These references appear inside articles in the form of superscript numbers, which look like this: [1]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Toho Special Effects Movie Complete Works. villagebooks. 28 September 2012. pp. 107–108. ISBN 9784864910132.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Toho Special Effects All Monster Encyclopedia. Shogakukan. 23 July 2014. p. 42. ISBN 4-096-82090-3.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Godzilla Giant Monsters Super Encyclopedia (4th ed.). Kodansha. 15 March 1994. p. 56. ISBN 978-4063042702.
  4. Toho Kingdom forums - correspondence with artist Jeff Zornow, 28 March 2015
    Zornow-monster heights-RoE.jpg
  5. The Pictorial Book of Godzilla 2. Hobby Japan Co., Ltd. 1 December 1995. p. 80-84. ISBN 978-4894251175.
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 All Toho Monsters Pictorial Book (4th Edition). Yosensha. 4 September 2016. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-4-8003-0362-2.
  7. Eiji Tsuburaya: Master of Monsters (paperback ed.). Chronicle Books. 6 May 2014. ISBN 978-1-4521-3539-7.
  8. Guy Mariner Tucker (1996). Age of the Gods: A History of the Japanese Fantasy Film. Feral House. p. 194.
  9. LeMay, John (2017). The Big Book of Japanese Giant Monster Movies: The Lost Films. Bicep Books. p. 241. ISBN 9781548145255.
  10. the sphinx - "Godzilla's American Cousin" (FILMFAX #45, June/July 1994)
  11. Macias, Patrick (2006). Otaku in USA - Love & Misunderstanding! The History of adopted Anime in America!. Ota Publishing. ISBN 978-4778310028.

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