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m (Text replacement - "[[Godzilla (1998 film)" to "[[GODZILLA (1998 film)")
(→‎History: Updated and corrected the resolution of the lawsuits, providing citations to the text of Universal v. Nintendo where this is stated.)
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Universal hired Academy Award-winning screenwriter Bo Goldman to write the screenplay for the film, and hired the relatively unknown but acclaimed Joseph Sargent to direct. Special effects artist Jim Danforth offered to produce the effects for the film using stop-motion animation like in the original film, but Universal worried that it would be far too expensive and planned to have Kong be portrayed by a man in a suit, like he was in ''[[King Kong vs. Godzilla]]'' and ''[[King Kong Escapes]]''. They also intended to very closely follow the 1933 film, using the same characters, creatures, and general plot of the original film, even keeping it set in 1933.<ref name="Morton">{{cite book|title=[[King Kong: The History of a Movie Icon from Fay Wray to Peter Jackson]]|last=Morton|first=Ray|date=2005|publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books,|page=158|isbn=9781557836694}}</ref>
Universal hired Academy Award-winning screenwriter Bo Goldman to write the screenplay for the film, and hired the relatively unknown but acclaimed Joseph Sargent to direct. Special effects artist Jim Danforth offered to produce the effects for the film using stop-motion animation like in the original film, but Universal worried that it would be far too expensive and planned to have Kong be portrayed by a man in a suit, like he was in ''[[King Kong vs. Godzilla]]'' and ''[[King Kong Escapes]]''. They also intended to very closely follow the 1933 film, using the same characters, creatures, and general plot of the original film, even keeping it set in 1933.<ref name="Morton">{{cite book|title=[[King Kong: The History of a Movie Icon from Fay Wray to Peter Jackson]]|last=Morton|first=Ray|date=2005|publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books,|page=158|isbn=9781557836694}}</ref>


Eventually, a federal judge ruled that Paramount did in fact have the rights to produce a remake of ''King Kong'', and that RKO had exclusive rights to the 1933 film. This forced Universal to abandon its plans for ''The Legend of King Kong.'' However, the judge also ruled that the character rights to Kong belonged to the estate of Merian C. Cooper, and they were subsequently transferred to his son Richard, who then sold them to Universal. After Paramount and De Laurentiis' rights to King Kong expired, Universal revived the project and hired director Peter Jackson to direct [[King Kong (1996 film)|a new remake]] in the late 1990s, though the releases and subsequent poor receptions of ''Mighty Joe Young'' and ''[[GODZILLA (1998 film)|GODZILLA]]'' in [[1998]] convinced them to postpone the project. Universal and Jackson finally released their [[King Kong (2005 film)|remake]] in December 2005.
In November 1976, a Federal judge ruled in Universal's favor holding that "the King Kong story, as embodied in [[King Kong (1932 novelization)|the original novel]], had become part of the public domain, and that RKO had a copyright only in 'the copyrightable matter' which was contained in the 1933 movie but not in the original novel. The court found that Universal could make a movie based on King Kong as long as it did not infringe on the copyrightable scenes of the 1933 movie."<ref name="Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo Co.">{{Cite book/doc|title= 797 F.2d 70 (2d Cir. 1986-07-15)|archive-url=https://casetext.com/case/universal-city-studios-v-nintendo-co-ltd}}</ref> This was shortly followed a month later by a second Federal ruling in the Cooper estate's favor against RKO, determining that "Merian Cooper's agreement with RKO had given RKO the right only to produce the 1933 movie and the 'Son of Kong' sequel." In this final judgement, referred to as the "Cooper Judgement", the court determined that "as between RKO and Cooper, Cooper possessed all rights in the name, character and story of King Kong other than the rights in the 1933 movie and the sequel 'Son of Kong.' The court also found that RKO's license with Dino De Laurentiis for the remake of King Kong, and its licenses with certain toy manufacturers, had breached RKO's original limited assignment from Merian Cooper. Therefore, RKO owed Richard Cooper the profits accrued from these breaches. The court consistently noted, however, that its determination of Richard Cooper's cross-claim did not affect any other person and did not affect its finding that the King Kong story was in the public domain."<ref name="Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo Co.">{{Cite book/doc|title= 797 F.2d 70 (2d Cir. 1986-07-15)|archive-url=https://casetext.com/case/universal-city-studios-v-nintendo-co-ltd}}</ref>
 
As a result of these rulings, RKO's licensing and merchandising rights were transferred to the Cooper estate.  Afterwards, Merian C. Cooper's son Richard Cooper assigned all of his rights in King Kong, primarily the "right to receive certain revenues De Laurentiis would pay to RKO under De Laurentiis' license to produce a King Kong remake"<ref name="Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo Co.">{{Cite book/doc|title= 797 F.2d 70 (2d Cir. 1986-07-15)|archive-url=https://casetext.com/case/universal-city-studios-v-nintendo-co-ltd}}</ref>, to Universal for $200,000. With De Laurentiis and [[Paramount Pictures]] having already completed [[King Kong (1976 film)]] and now guaranteed a cut of the box office profits, Universal decided to postpone filming The Legend of King Kong for 18 months and ultimately the film was cancelled.
 
Following the box office failure of [[King Kong Lives]] and a failed attempt by De Laurentiis to continue his incarnation of Kong through an animated series, in the late 1990s Universal revived the project and hired director Peter Jackson to direct [[King Kong (1996 film)|a new remake]], though the releases and subsequent poor receptions of ''Mighty Joe Young'' and ''[[GODZILLA (1998 film)|GODZILLA]]'' in [[1998]] convinced them to postpone the project. Universal and Jackson finally released their [[King Kong (2005 film)|remake]] in December 2005.


==Appearances==
==Appearances==

Revision as of 18:09, 28 December 2023

The Legend of King Kong
Advertisement for The Legend of King Kong
Planned 1975-1976
Intended release Fall 1976
Concept history The Legend of King Kong →
King Kong (1996) → King Kong (2005)
Godzilla.jp - Dead Kamoebas.jpg [citation(s) needed] — This article is missing references.
Please improve this article by including relevant citations.
As a reader, exercise caution when encountering unsourced statements.

The Legend of King Kong is an unmade 1976 remake of King Kong that was to be produced by Universal Pictures.

History

In 1975, Universal became interested in doing a remake of the original 1933 King Kong, due to the character's recent surge in popularity. This would also be a great next step to follow up on the projected success of their film, Jaws, which was currently in the final stages of production. Universal approached RKO Pictures, offering them $200,000 plus five percent of the film's net profits. Although there was no written contract, Universal was confident that they received verbal approval from RKO. However, they would soon learn that RKO also signed a deal with Dino De Laurentiis and Paramount Pictures to produce a remake of the film with a tentative release date of 1976.

Universal proceeded to sue both Paramount and RKO for the rights to King Kong, claiming that they had a previous oral agreement with RKO to produce their own remake; however, RKO denied such a deal. However, during the legal debate, Universal realized the copyright to the original film's novelization by Delos W. Lovelace's copyright had lapsed. This meant that while the film itself was still under RKO copyright, the plot as depicted in the novel was now in the public domain. Counting on this claim to go through, Universal announced they would start filming The Legend of King Kong on January 5, 1976, using the novel as a template, aiming to release the film in the fall. By getting the film into production so quickly, Universal hoped it would pressure Paramount and De Laurentiis to give up production on their film.

Universal hired Academy Award-winning screenwriter Bo Goldman to write the screenplay for the film, and hired the relatively unknown but acclaimed Joseph Sargent to direct. Special effects artist Jim Danforth offered to produce the effects for the film using stop-motion animation like in the original film, but Universal worried that it would be far too expensive and planned to have Kong be portrayed by a man in a suit, like he was in King Kong vs. Godzilla and King Kong Escapes. They also intended to very closely follow the 1933 film, using the same characters, creatures, and general plot of the original film, even keeping it set in 1933.[1]

In November 1976, a Federal judge ruled in Universal's favor holding that "the King Kong story, as embodied in the original novel, had become part of the public domain, and that RKO had a copyright only in 'the copyrightable matter' which was contained in the 1933 movie but not in the original novel. The court found that Universal could make a movie based on King Kong as long as it did not infringe on the copyrightable scenes of the 1933 movie."[2] This was shortly followed a month later by a second Federal ruling in the Cooper estate's favor against RKO, determining that "Merian Cooper's agreement with RKO had given RKO the right only to produce the 1933 movie and the 'Son of Kong' sequel." In this final judgement, referred to as the "Cooper Judgement", the court determined that "as between RKO and Cooper, Cooper possessed all rights in the name, character and story of King Kong other than the rights in the 1933 movie and the sequel 'Son of Kong.' The court also found that RKO's license with Dino De Laurentiis for the remake of King Kong, and its licenses with certain toy manufacturers, had breached RKO's original limited assignment from Merian Cooper. Therefore, RKO owed Richard Cooper the profits accrued from these breaches. The court consistently noted, however, that its determination of Richard Cooper's cross-claim did not affect any other person and did not affect its finding that the King Kong story was in the public domain."[2]

As a result of these rulings, RKO's licensing and merchandising rights were transferred to the Cooper estate. Afterwards, Merian C. Cooper's son Richard Cooper assigned all of his rights in King Kong, primarily the "right to receive certain revenues De Laurentiis would pay to RKO under De Laurentiis' license to produce a King Kong remake"[2], to Universal for $200,000. With De Laurentiis and Paramount Pictures having already completed King Kong (1976 film) and now guaranteed a cut of the box office profits, Universal decided to postpone filming The Legend of King Kong for 18 months and ultimately the film was cancelled.

Following the box office failure of King Kong Lives and a failed attempt by De Laurentiis to continue his incarnation of Kong through an animated series, in the late 1990s Universal revived the project and hired director Peter Jackson to direct a new remake, though the releases and subsequent poor receptions of Mighty Joe Young and GODZILLA in 1998 convinced them to postpone the project. Universal and Jackson finally released their remake in December 2005.

Appearances

Monsters

The Legend of King Kong would have differentiated itself from the original 1933 film by mostly substituting the various dinosaur inhabitants of Skull Island with both lesser known prehistoric animals and purely fictional creations. However, the film would have also featured a Triceratops, dubbed "Triclonius" in production art, and an unusually aggressive Parasaurolophus.

Gallery

  • Triceratops concept art

    Triceratops concept art

  • Alternate Triceratops concept art labeled "Triclonius"

    Alternate Triceratops concept art labeled "Triclonius"

  • Centipede Creature concept art

    Centipede Creature concept art

  • Reptilian Eel and Centipede Creature concept art

    Reptilian Eel and Centipede Creature concept art

  • Storyboard

    Storyboard

  • Storyboard

    Storyboard

  • Early advertisement for the film

    Early advertisement for the film

  • Giant Amphibian concept art

    Giant Amphibian concept art

  • Concept art featuring a "half-human" design for King Kong

    Concept art featuring a "half-human" design for King Kong

  • Arsinoitherium concept art

    Arsinoitherium concept art

  • Arsinoitherium concept art

    Arsinoitherium concept art

  • Arsinoitherium concept art

    Arsinoitherium concept art

Trivia

  • Universal hoped their quick production of The Legend of King Kong would make De Laurentiis hesitant to film King Kong, but it instead convinced him to complete casting and begin filming for the film months earlier. Makeup artist and stuntman Rick Baker, who designed and portrayed Kong in Paramount's film, later said he regretted not having enough time to design the King Kong suit due to the accelerated production on the film.

External links

References

This is a list of references for The Legend of King Kong. These citations are used to identify the reliable sources on which this article is based. These references appear inside articles in the form of superscript numbers, which look like this: [1]

  1. ↑ Morton, Ray (2005). King Kong: The History of a Movie Icon from Fay Wray to Peter Jackson. Applause Theatre & Cinema Books,. p. 158. ISBN 9781557836694.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2
    Wikipedia logo.png This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).

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    Cordell, Bruce R.; Grubb, Jeff; Noonan, David (September 2001). Manual of the Planes (3rd ed.). Renton, Washington: Wizards of the Coast. pp. 134–137. ISBN 0-7869-1850-0.

    Other language

    • {{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Jean |date=1974 |title=Livre de Bloggs |edition=1st |language=French |trans-title=Book of Bloggs |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/ |access-date=February 17, 2006}}
    Bloggs, Jean (1974). Livre de Bloggs [Book of Bloggs] (in French) (1st ed.). Retrieved February 17, 2006.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

    Using a DOI

    • {{cite book |last=Mumford |first=David |author-link=wikipedia:David Mumford |date=1999 |title=The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes: Includes the Michigan Lectures (1974) on Curves and Their Jacobians |edition=2nd |publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/b62130 |isbn=354063293X}}
    Mumford, David (1999). The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes: Includes the Michigan Lectures (1974) on Curves and Their Jacobians (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/b62130. ISBN 354063293X.

    Using author-mask parameter

    • {{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=wikipedia:Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2004 |orig-year=1st pub. [[wikipedia:HMSO|HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=wikipedia:James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3 |name-list-style=amp}}
    • {{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=wikipedia:Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Flynn |first2=F. C. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2004 |orig-year=1st pub. [[wikipedia:HMSO|HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=wikipedia:James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II: The Germans Come to the Help of Their Ally (1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-66-1 |name-list-style=amp |author-mask=2}}
    • {{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=wikipedia:Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Flynn |first2=F. C. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Gleave |first4=T. P. |date=2004 |orig-year=1st pub. [[wikipedia:HMSO|HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=Sir James |editor-link=wikipedia:James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes Reach Their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-67-X |name-list-style=amp |author-mask=2}}
    Playfair, I. S. O.; Stitt, G. M. S.; Molony, C. J. C. & Toomer, S. E. (2004) [1st pub. HMSO:1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-845740-65-3.
    ——; Flynn, F. C.; Molony, C. J. C. & Toomer, S. E. (2004) [1st pub. HMSO:1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II: The Germans Come to the Help of Their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-845740-66-1.
    ——; Flynn, F. C.; Molony, C. J. C. & Gleave, T. P. (2004) [1st pub. HMSO:1954]. Butler, Sir James (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes Reach Their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-845740-67-X.

    Using display-authors parameter

    • {{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=wikipedia:Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2004 |orig-year=1st pub. [[wikipedia:HMSO|HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=wikipedia:James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3 |display-authors=1}}
    Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004) [1st pub. HMSO:1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-845740-65-3.

    Parameters

    Syntax

    Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters:

    • parent
    • OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent
      • child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
      • OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)
    Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.

    COinS

    This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. See Wikipedia:COinS. As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:

    • use |date=27 September 2007 not |date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)

    Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example &nbsp;, &ndash;, etc., should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.

    COinS metadata is created for these parameters

    Note: This table of metadata is displayed for all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. Please refer to each template's documentation for a full list of supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies.

    • |periodical=, |journal=, |newspaper=, |magazine=, |work=, |website=, |encyclopedia=, |encyclopaedia=, |dictionary=
    • |chapter=, |script-chapter=, |contribution=, |script-contribution=, |entry=, |script-entry=, |article=, |script-article=, |section=, |script-section=
    • |title=, |script-title=, |book-title=
    • |publication-place=, |place=, |location=
    • |date=, |year=, |publication-date=
    • |series=, |version=
    • |volume=, |issue=, |number=
    • |page=, |pages=, |at=, |quote-page=, |quote-pages=
    • |edition=
    • |publisher=, |institution=
    • |url=, |chapter-url=, |contribution-url=, |section-url=
    • |author-last=, |author-last#=, |author#-last=, |author-surname=, |author-surname#=, |author#-surname=, |last=, |last#=, |surname=, |surname#=, |author=, |author#=, |subject=, |subject#=, |host=, |host#=
    • |author-first=, |author-first#=, |author#-first=, |author-given=, |author-given#=, |author#-given=, |first=, |first#=, |given=, |given#=
    • |degree=
    • |arxiv=, |bibcode=, |biorxiv=, |citeseerx=, |doi=, |eissn=, |eprint=, |hdl=, |isbn=, |issn=, |jfm=, |jstor=, |lccn=, |message-id=, |mr=, |oclc=, |osti=, |pmc=, |pmid=, |rfc=, |ssrn=, |s2cid=, |zbl=

    Description

    Authors

    • last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g. |author=Bono). Aliases: surname, author, last1, surname1, author1.
      • author: this parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single author (first and last) or to hold the name of a corporate author. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead.
      • first: Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given, first1, given1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty.
      • OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around). See the display parameters to change how many authors are displayed. Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use |first1=...|last1=...|author2=....
      • author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, author1-link, authorlink.
      • OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: author1-link through authorn-link.
      • name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp, ampersand, or &, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last/first forms of name parameters.
    • vauthors: comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
      |vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
      • author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in |vauthors= as described above
    • authors: Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last.
    • contributor-last: (book cites only) surname of the author of contribution (which is required). Aliases: contributor-surname, contributor1, contributor1-last, contributor-last1.
      • contributor-first: Given or first names of contributor. Do not wikilink—use contributor-link instead. Aliases: contributor-given, contributor1-first, contributor-first1.
      • OR: for multiple contributors, use contributor-last1, contributor-first1 through contributor-lastn, contributor-firstn where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of contributors (each contributor-firstn requires a corresponding contributor-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: contributor1-last, contributor1-first through contributorn-last, contributorn-first, or contributor1 through contributorn.
      • contributor-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the contributor—not the contributor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: contributor-link1, contributor1-link.
      • OR: for multiple contributors, use contributor-link1 through contributor-linkn. Aliases: contributor1-link through contributorn-link.
    • translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1.
      • translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1.
      • OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn-last, translatorn-first, or translator1 through translatorn.
      • translator-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link.
      • OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn-link.
    • collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.
    • others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith.

    Date

    • date: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations. Required when year is used to disambiguate {{sfn}} links to multiple-work citations by the same author in the same year.[more] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the publisher. For acceptable date formats, see wikipedia:Help:Citation Style 1#Dates.
    For approximate year, precede with "c. ", like this: |date=c. 1900.

    For no date, or "undated", use |date=n.d.
    Automatic date formatting: Citation Style 1 and 2 templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as |date=, |publication-date=, |access-date=, |archive-date=, etc.) except for |orig-date= in the style specified by the article's {{use dmy dates}} or {{use mdy dates}} template. See those templates' documentation for details.
    • year: Year of source being referenced. The usage of this parameter is discouraged; use the more flexible |date= parameter instead unless both of the following conditions are met:
      1. The |date= format is YYYY-MM-DD.
      2. The citation requires a CITEREF disambiguator.
    • orig-date: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: |orig-date=First published 1859 or |orig-date=Composed 1904. As |orig-date= does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by |df= (or, if it exists in the article, by |cs1-dates= of a {{use dmy dates}} or {{use mdy dates}} template), or as used in the |date= parameter. Alias: orig-year
    • df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:
      dmy – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;
      mdy – as above for month day, year format
      ymd – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
      dmy-all – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;
      mdy-all – as above for month day, year format
      ymd-all – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD

    <references></references>

    Title

    (See also Help:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters.)

    • title: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article.|Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. If script-title is defined, use title to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-title.
      • script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the script-<param>= language codes|supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
        ... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...
      • trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title; if url is defined, then trans-title is included in the link. Use of the language parameter is recommended.}}
    • title-link: Title of existing article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.
    • type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword none can be used to disable the display of a type. Examples: Thesis, Booklet, Accepted manuscript, CD liner, Press release. Alias: medium.
    • chapter: The chapter heading of the source. May be wikilinked or may use chapter-url, but not both. Displays in quotes. If script-chapter is defined, use chapter to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-chapter
      • script-chapter: Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in chapter (if present).
      • trans-chapter: English translation of the chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after the chapter field; if chapter-url is defined, then trans-chapter is included in the link. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
    • contribution: A separately-authored part of author's book. May be wikilinked or may use contribution-url, but not both. Values of Afterword, Foreword, Introduction, or Preface will display unquoted; any other value will display in quotation marks. The author of the contribution is given in contributor.
    • language: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples: |language=ru; |lang=fr, pt-br; |lang=Russian; |language=French, Portuguese. See the list of supported codes and names. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of Category:CS1 foreign language sources.

    Publisher

    • publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The publisher is the company, organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time use the name as stated in the publication or at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. Not normally used for periodicals. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title.
    • place: For news stories with a dateline, that is, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time use the name as stated in the publication or at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location
    • publication-place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place; examples: The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time use the name as stated in the publication or at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place, place, or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title.
    • publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Displays only if date (or year) are defined and only if different, else publication-date is used and displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. Follows publisher; if work is not defined, then publication-date is preceded by "published" and enclosed in parenthesis.
    • via: Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher). via is not a replacement for publisher, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer presents the source in a format other than the original (e.g. NewsBank), when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), or if the deliverer requests attribution. See the access level parameters to display access restrictions.

    Edition, series, volume

    • edition: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so |edition=2nd produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.
    • series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal where the issue numbering has restarted.
    • volume: For one publication published in several volumes. Displays after the title and series fields; volume numbers should be entered just as a numeral (e.g. 37). Volume values that are wholly digits, wholly uppercase Roman numerals, or fewer than five characters will appear in bold. Any alphanumeric value of five or more characters will not appear in bold. In rare cases, publications carry both, an ongoing volume and a year-related value; if so, provide them both, for example |volume=IV / #10.

    In-source locations

    • page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either |page= or |pages=, but not both. Displays preceded by p. unless |no-pp=yes. Alias: p.
    • OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either |page= or |pages=, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by pp. unless |no-pp=yes.
      Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of |pages= without processing it. Alternatively, use |at=, like this: |at=pp. 3-1&ndash;3-15. Alias: pp.
      • no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the p. or pp. notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where |page=Front cover or |pages=passim.
    • OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by |page= or |pages=. Use only one of |page=, |pages=, or |at=.
      Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse.
    • For |quote-page= and |quote-pages= used in conjunction with |quote=, see here.

    URL

    • url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g. #ixzz2rBr3aO94 or ?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=.... For linking to pages in PDF files or in Google Books, see wikipedia:WP:PAGELINKS. Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as Amazon; use |isbn= or |oclc= to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.
      • access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see wikipedia:WP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers, published books, or news articles with publication dates. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{use dmy dates}} and {{use mdy dates}}. Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate.
      • archive-url: The URL of an archived snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as Internet Archive (see Wikipedia:Using the Wayback Machine), WebCite (see Help:Using WebCite) and archive.today (see Help:Using archive.today); requires archive-date and url. By default (overridden by |url-status=live) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl.
        • archive-date: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates. Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{use dmy dates}} and {{use mdy dates}}. Alias: archivedate.
        • url-status: this optional parameter is ignored if archive-url is not set. If omitted, or with null value, the default value is |url-status=dead. When the URL is still live, but pre-emptively archived, then set |url-status=live; this changes the display order, with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end. When the original URL has been usurped for the purposes of spam, advertising, or is otherwise unsuitable, setting |url-status=unfit or |url-status=usurped suppresses display of the original URL (but |url= and |archive-url= are still required).
        • archive-format: File format of the work referred to by archive-url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. File format annotation is automatically rendered when a PDF icon is displayed. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. See format=|Using |format=
      • url-access: See Access indicators for url-holding parameters
    • format: File format of the work referred to by url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. (For media format, use type.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. File format annotation is automatically rendered when a PDF icon is displayed. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. See format=|Using |format=

    URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme. http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp://, gopher://, irc://, ircs://, mailto: and news: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported.

    If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:

    Character space " ' < > [ ] { | }
    Encoding %20 %22 %27 %3C %3E %5B %5D %7B %7C %7D

    Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion. <references></references>

    Chapter URL

    • chapter-url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by chapter or contribution can be found. Cannot be used if those parameters are wikilinked. Should be at the same site as url, if any. If chapter-url is used, url should only be used if the beginning of the work and the cited chapter are on separate webpages at the site. Aliases: contribution-url, section-url.
    • chapter-format: Format of the work referred to by chapter-url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after chapter. HTML is implied and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add format information for the visually impaired.

    Anchor

    • ref: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set, |ref=ID generates an anchor with the given ID (the id= attribute in the citation's <cite id="ID"> HTML tag). Setting |ref=ID identifies the template as a target and allows wikilinking to full references, especially useful with short-form citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{sfn}} and {{harv}} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair |ref=harv has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set |ref=none. Aliases: none. See wikipedia:Template:Citation/doc#Anchors for Harvard referencing templates.

    Identifiers

    • id: A unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an external link template as applicable. For example, |id=NCJ 122967 will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation.

    The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. |rfc=822 or |pmc=345678.

    • arxiv: arXiv identifier; for example: |arxiv=hep-th/9205027 (before April 2007) or |arxiv=0706.0001 (April 2007 – December 2014) or |arxiv=1501.00001 (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint.
    • asin: Amazon Standard Identification Number; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example |asin=B00005N5PF. Aliases: ASIN.
      • asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: ae, au, br, ca, cn, de, es, fr, in, it, jp, mx, nl, pl, sa, se, sg, tr, uk. Aliases: none.
    • bibcode: bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: 1974AJ.....79..819H. Aliases: none.
    • biorxiv: bioRxiv id, as in the entire DOI (e.g. 10.1101/078733 for http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733 or https://doi.org/10.1101/078733; 10.1101/2020.07.24.220400 for https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400). Aliases: none.
    • citeseerx: CiteSeerX id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g. 10.1.1.176.341 for http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341). Aliases: none.
    • doi: Digital object identifier; for example: 10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with (10.). Aliases: DOI.
      • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see below.
      • doi-broken-date: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at https://doi.org. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.
    • eissn: International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example |eissn=1557-2986. Aliases: EISSN.
      • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
    • hdl: Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example |hdl=20.1000/100. Aliases: HDL.
    • isbn: International Standard Book Number; for example: 978-0-8126-9593-9. See wikipedia:Wikipedia:ISBN and wikipedia:ISBN#Overview.) Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use sbn. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISBN, isbn13, ISBN13.
      • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
    • ismn: International Standard Music Number; for example: 979-0-9016791-7-7. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISMN.
    • issn: International Standard Serial Number; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example |issn=2049-3630. Aliases: ISSN.
      • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
    • jfm: Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik; do not include "JFM" in the value; example |jfm=53.0144.01. Aliases: JFM.
    • jstor: JSTOR reference number; for example: |jstor=3793107. Aliases: JSTOR.
    • lccn: Library of Congress Control Number. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example |lccn=79-57364 or |lccn=2004042477 or |lccn=e09001178. Aliases: LCCN.
    • mr: Mathematical Reviews; example |mr=630583. Aliases: MR.
    • oclc: OCLC Number for looking up publications in the WorldCat union catalog; example |oclc=9355469. Aliases: OCLC.
    • ol: Open Library identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example |ol=7030731M. Aliases: OL.
    • osti: Office of Scientific and Technical Information; example |osti=4367507. Aliases: OSTI.
    • pmc: PubMed Central; use article number for open repository full-text of a journal article, e.g. |pmc=345678. Do not include "PMC" in the value. See also the pmid parameter, below; these are two different identifiers.. Aliases: PMC.
      • pmc-embargo-date: Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.
    • pmid: PubMed; use unique identifier; example |pmid=17322060 See also the pmc parameter, above; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: PMID.
    • rfc: Request for Comments; example |rfc=3143. Aliases: RFC.
    • sbn: Standard Book Number; example |sbn=356-02201-3. Aliases: SBN.
      • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid SBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
    • ssrn: Social Science Research Network; example |ssrn=1900856. Aliases: SSRN.
    • s2cid: Semantic Scholar corpus ID; example |s2cid=37220927. Aliases: S2CID.
    • zbl: Zentralblatt MATH; example |zbl=0472.53010 For zbMATH search results like JFM 35.0387.02 use |jfm=35.0387.02. Aliases: ZBL.

    In very rare cases, valid identifiers (f.e., as actually printed on publications) do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums, which would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (|doi=, |eissn=, |isbn=, |issn=, and |sbn=) support a special accept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as |<param>=((<value>))). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.

    For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the access status using the corresponding |<param>-access= parameter.

    It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The |url= parameter (or |title-link=) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a convenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.

    Quote

    • quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a Romanization (if available) of the text in script-quote.
      • script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none.
      • trans-quote: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.
    • quote-page: The number of a single page quoted in |quote=. Use either |quote-page= or |quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in |page=, |pages= or |at=. Displays preceded by p. unless |no-pp=yes. Alias: none.
    • OR: quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in |quote=. Use either |quote-page= or |quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in |pages= or |at=. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by pp. unless |no-pp=yes is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of |quote-pages= without processing it. Alias: none.

    Editors

    • editor-last: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last1, editor1-last, editor-surname, editor-surname1, editor1-surname, editor, editor1.
      • editor: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor.
      • editor-first: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1, editor1-first, editor-given, editor-given1, editor1-given.
      • OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1, editor-first1 through editor-lastn, editor-firstn (Aliases: editorn-last, editor-surnamen or editorn-surname; editorn-first, editor-givenn or editorn-given; editorn). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use |editor-first1=...|editor-last1=... |editor2=....
      • editor-link: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1.
      • OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-linkn (alias editorn-link).
      • name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp, ampersand, or &, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last/first forms of name parameters.
    • veditors: comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
      |veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
      • editor-linkn and editor-maskn may be used for the individual names in |veditors=, as described above
    • Display:
      Use display-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included.
      If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work.
      If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."

    Lay summary

    • lay-url: URL link to a non-technical summary or review of the source; the URL title is set to "Lay summary".
      • lay-source: Name of the source of the lay summary. Displays in italics and preceded by a spaced endash.
      • lay-date: Date of the lay summary. Displays in parentheses.
      • lay-format: File format of the work referred to by lay-url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after lay summary. HTML is implied and should not be specified. File format annotation is automatically rendered when a PDF icon is displayed. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. See format=|Using |format=

    Display options

    • mode: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For |mode=cs1, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For |mode=cs2, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). To override default terminal punctuation use postscript.
    • author-mask:
    • contributor-mask:
    • editor-mask:
    • interviewer-mask:
    • subject-mask:
    • translator-mask:
      Replaces the name of the (first) author with em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <name>-link—in this case, the value of <name>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially. Do not use in a list generated by {{reflist}}, <references /> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. |authorn-mask=) to apply the mask to a specific name.
    • display-authors:
    • display-contributors:
    • display-editors:
    • display-interviewers:
    • display-subjects:
    • display-translators:
      Controls the number of author or editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of names, set display-authors and/or display-editors to the desired number. For example, |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of editors). Likewise, |display-editors=2 will display only the first two editors (and all authors). |display-authors=0 and |display-editors=0 are special cases suppressing the display of all authors or editors including the et al. By default, all authors and editors are displayed. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.
    • postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (.); for no terminating punctuation, specify |postscript=none – leaving |postscript= empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text or templates beyond the terminating punctuation may generate an error message. |postscript= is ignored if quote is defined.

    Subscription or registration required

    Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in Verifiability § Access to sources. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to verifying claims in articles.

    Four access levels can be used:

    As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.

    Access indicators for url-holding parameters

    Online sources linked by |url=, |article-url=, |chapter-url=, |contribution-url=, |entry-url=, |map-url=, and |section-url= are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these url-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they may not be marked as free.

    URL-holding and access-indicator parameters
    URL Access Allowed keywords
    |url= |url-access= registration Free registration required
    limited Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required
    subscription Paid subscription required
    |article-url= |article-url-access=
    |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=
    |contribution-url= |contribution-url-access=
    |entry-url= |entry-url-access=
    |map-url= |map-url-access=
    |section-url= |section-url-access=
    <references></references>

    For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription:

    {{cite web |url=https://example.com/nifty_data.php |url-access=registration |date=2021-04-15 |title=Nifty example data}}

    which renders as:

    "Nifty example data". 2021-04-15.
    Access indicator for named identifiers

    Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as limited, registration, or subscription.

    Named-identifier and access-indicator parameters
    Identifier Access Allowed keywords
    |bibcode= |bibcode-access= free Freely accessible
    |doi= |doi-access=
    |hdl= |hdl-access=
    |jstor= |jstor-access=
    |ol= |ol-access=
    |osti= |osti-access=
    |s2cid= |s2cid-access=

    Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:

    • |arxiv=
    • |biorxiv=
    • |citeseerx=
    • |pmc=
    • |rfc=
    • |ssrn=

    For embargoed pmc that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date.

Cite error: <ref> tag in <references> has conflicting group attribute "note".
Cite error: <ref> tag in <references> has conflicting group attribute "note".
Cite error: <ref> tag in <references> has conflicting group attribute "note".

Cite error: <ref> tag with name "NotRef" defined in <references> has group attribute "" which does not appear in prior text.

Scrapped
Godzilla and Toho monsters
Bride of Godzilla • Mutant Starfish • Red Moon • Erabus • Halfun • Mogu • Majin Tuol • Pandaran • Garugan • King Balgan • Titans • Chamelegon • Asuka Fortress • Gamoni • Bagan • Unused Dark Horse monsters • Deuterious • Gigamoth C Type • Scorpion Monster • Gigamoth • MechaMothra • Berserk • Transforming Mechagodzilla • White Rodan • Giant Salamander • Emperor Ghidorah • AstroGodzilla • Crystal Godzilla • Giant Alien Dragonfly • Genocide Jaguar • Bio-Monster • Ghost Godzilla • Anguirus Hound • Godzirus • Baraguirus • Chaos • Barubaroi • G-END • Gryphon • Probe Bat • Queen Bitch • Unused Godzilla: The Series monsters • Miba • Liopleurodon • Deathla • Lightning Bug • Fire Lion • The Visitor • Rokmutul • Pterodactyl • Strange, dead monster • Shimidah • Phosphera
Miscellaneous monsters
Unmade films
1950s-1960s
1970s-1980s
Godzilla vs. Hedorah 2 • Godzilla vs. Red Moon • Godzilla vs. the Space Monsters: Earth Defense Directive • The Return of King Ghidorah! • Godzilla vs. Gigan: The Return of King Ghidorah! • Giant Monsters Converge on Okinawa! Showdown in Zanpamisaki • The Dreadful Human Torch • Showdown in Zanpamisaki: Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla • Terror of Mechagodzilla (drafts) • The Human Torch • The Invisible Man vs. The Human Torch • The Legend of King Kong • Nessie • King of Monsters: Resurrection of Godzilla • U.S.-Japan Collaboration: Godzilla • Godzilla vs. the Devil • Devil-Manta • A Space Godzilla • God's Godzilla • Godzilla Legend: The Asuka Fortress • Resurrection of Godzilla (1980) • Star Godzilla • Resurrection of Godzilla (1983) • Godzilla: King of the Monsters in 3D • It Ate Cleveland • Unmade animated Godzilla film
1990s
Mothra vs. Bagan • Godzilla 3 • Godzilla vs. Bagan (1991) • Godzilla vs. King Kong • Micro Super Battle: Godzilla vs. Gigamoth • Godzilla's Counterattack • Godzilla vs. Mechani-Kong • The Return of King Ghidorah • Godzilla vs. Gigamoth • Godzilla vs. MechaMothra • Godzilla vs. Berserk • Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla: Metallic Battle • Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II (early drafts) • Armageddon: Gamera vs. Phoenix • Godzilla (1994-1996) • Godzilla vs. Bagan (1994) • Godzilla vs. AstroGodzilla • Godzilla vs. NeoGodzilla • Godzilla Super Wars • Godzilla vs. Giant Monster Varan • Godzilla vs. Godzilla • Godzilla vs. Baraguirus • Godzilla vs. Chaos • Godzilla vs. Bagan (1995) • Godzilla vs. Junior Godzilla • Godzilla vs. Deep-Sea Life • Godzilla vs. Biomonster • Godzilla vs. Barubaroi • King Kong (1996) • GODZILLA 2 (1998) • Unmade King Ghidorah film
2000s-2010s
Miscellaneous works

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Unmade
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Movie
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